Waste costs

The requirements of the automotive industry are more demanding than some other industries. Automotive products have to be safe, reliable, and maintainable, protect the occupants, and have minimal impact on the environment in their manufacture, use, and disposal. The automotive sector is a very competitive market and as a consequence costs have to be optimized. There is little margin for excessive variation, as variation causes waste and waste costs money and time. Therefore several methods have evolved to reduce variation. Among them are SPC, FMEA, MSA, and many other techniques The automotive industry believes that the more their suppliers adopt such variation reduction techniques the more likely it will be that the resultant product will be brought to the market more quickly and its production process be more efficient. 

The innovations described are, however, beyond fulfilling limit values. Reducing waste costs, technology leadership and the image gain related to this are the objectives of the pioneering enterprises, which implement environmentally compatible innovations in this area despite high investments and risks. 

For an ABG system to treat 15 gal of pesticide wastes per day, the capital cost is 14,950 and the average treatment cost is 1.15/gal. The ABG system coupled with a pigment filtration system for treating ink wastes costs 1.98/gal, assuming capital cost is averaged over 5 years (D13970S). 

No information was available on the costs of using the HRS retorting process to treat hazardous or mixed wastes. Cost estimates for the full-scale application of the HRS process for oil shale retorting may be found in D120672. 

In a 1995 estimate published in the VI ITT database, total MRRP costs for waste treatment ranged from 650 to 1000 per ton. The primary factors impacting treatment costs were the quantity of the waste and the moisture content of the waste. Treatment costs were also impacted by utility and labor costs. Other factors that have an effect on treatment costs include (in decreasing order of importance) site preparation and pretreatment costs, characteristics of the soil and residual wastes, costs associated with removal of debris from the soil, and the initial and target contaminant concentrations (D102852, p. 34). 

Waste disposal costs—account for waste costs ... 

The implementation of waste-handling and disposal costs into the added-value concept might be complicated in many cases, mainly because of a lack of transparency regarding the process-specific waste costs. Nevertheless if waste reduction is a major part in the increase of process efficiency, waste costs have to be taken into account and may contribute significantly to the added-value. 

Research is currently directed toward development of novel technologies that may present economic advantages with respect to the conventional acetone cyanohydrin lACHl route. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co. has developed and patented n modified acetone cyanohydrin-based route that docs not use sulfuric acid and therefore presents the opportunity lor reduced waste costs. A nuvel C-3 route based on the palladium-catalyzed carbonylaiion of methylatelylenc has been developed by Shell Oil Co. There have been significant improvements in catalysts and resulting yields for key transformations in many routes since the 19K(K... 

Chemists often need to know how much of a substance has been formed or used up during a chemical reaction (Figure 4.2). This is particularly important in the chemical industry, where the substances being reacted (the reactants) and the substances being produced (the products) are worth thousands of pounds. Waste costs money ... 

Waste costs are also very low because the only waste requiring disposal is the residue from the pretreatment section and hydrochloric acid, and these represent only 2 and... 

I he results lend no support to the practice followed in 4 of the 6 cases of using a large excess of reagent. This practice not only wastes costly reagent but extends the working period by the time required for decomposition of excess hydride, particularly when water is used. Note Ihut the work of Hochstein demonstrated that reductions of tinsaturuted compounds with lithium aluminum hydride in dilute... 

Incorporate hidden waste costs (e.g., regulatory tracking and reporting costs) in cost equations. 

In absence of detailed waste costs, consider penalty function for releases based on environmental objectives. 

Profitability is the difference of the revenue earned and the cost incurred. Revenue is obtained from the sale of product to the market (Ypi), treated waste to the market (Ytwi) and untreated waste to the neighboring plant (Yuwi)- Cost is incurred from the investment of the process and waste treatment unit as well as the cost of operation (i.e. cost of feed streams, cost of disposal of treated and untreated waste, cost of recycling treated and untreated waste). Profit, lEcP and lEvP for the IE with 6 plants are as follows ... 

Billions of tons of industrial waste are generated annually in the United States. As shown in Fig. 1, managing and legally disposing of these wastes costs tens to hundreds of billions of dollars each year, and these costs have been increasing rapidly (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990, 1992). The escalation is likely to continue as emission standards become even more... 

EPj = Product value + By-product value - Raw-mat. costs -- Waste costs - Reaction system costs - Recycle costs ... 

I realize the importance of consideration for every substance used in each stage of any reaction. In a commercial operation, there is more than just the final product - by-products, wastes, cost effectiveness, efficiency, environmental impact, health and safety, etc. In a lab, the technician often deals with our waste, while most of our focus is on the progress and results. 

Another important consideration is the waste stream generated during the downstream processing. Waste costs can significantly contribute to the overall product cost. Due to this, various material and water recycle steps are usually utilized in a manufacturing plant. Waste treatment considerations also heavily restrict the choice of process additives. 

Duplicated/wasted costs Higher (but avoidable by licensing) Lower... 

Ultimately, it can be concluded that the impact of waste costs is inversely proportional to the scale of business, hence the viability of the industrial concern. The ultimate cost/benefit outcome is the survival or otherwise of that industrial enterprise. 

Figure 2.2. summarises the basic aspects which make up the key costs of waste generation. As can be seen, there is a complex web of inter-relationships which go far beyond pure money considerations. It extends over the activities and future viability of the whole enterprise. With such wide coverage, it can be seen that the earlier statement suggesting that the impact of waste costs is inversely proportional to the scale of business, can clearly be justified. The overall impact on smaller companies could be terminal. Larger companies can better afford the infra-structures necessary to deal with the various aspects but, ultimately, reducing the overall costs of waste will provide significant benefits in all areas of operation. 

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