Waste utilization, cost-effectiveness

It should be noted that early remedial actions for contaminated soil consisted primarily of excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from the site and its disposal at a landfill. SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise (as in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, HSWA). 

The CHARMEN synthesis problem can be stated as follows Given a number Nr of waste (rich) streams and a number Ns of lean streams (frtiysical and reactive MSAs), it is desired to synthesize a cost-effective network of physical and/or reactive mass exchangers which can preferentially transfer certain undesirable species from the waste streams to the MSAs. Given also are the flowrate of each waste stream, G,, its supply (inlet) composition, yf, and target (outlet) composition, y/, and the supply and target compositions, Xj and jc for each MSA. In addition, available for service are hot and cold streams (process streams as weU as utilities) that can be used to optimize the mass-exchange temperatures. 

The Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) was founded in 1987 for the study and applications of biodiversity in marine environments. Currently, and within the scope of the present book, the research area of relevance is industrial applications of microbiology . The institute also performs research in C02 fixation. The Applied Microbiology Laboratory is searching cost-effective utilization of microbes for environmental conservation and restoration. In particular, the decontamination of areas polluted with petroleum-related compounds has been addressed. Attention has been paid to removal of polycyclic hydrocarbons. They are also developing processing methods for the conversion of biomass and organic wastes by methane fermentation. 

In a 1995 estimate published in the VI ITT database, total MRRP costs for waste treatment ranged from 650 to 1000 per ton. The primary factors impacting treatment costs were the quantity of the waste and the moisture content of the waste. Treatment costs were also impacted by utility and labor costs. Other factors that have an effect on treatment costs include (in decreasing order of importance) site preparation and pretreatment costs, characteristics of the soil and residual wastes, costs associated with removal of debris from the soil, and the initial and target contaminant concentrations (D102852, p. 34). 

Bishop, G. A., D. H. Stedman, J. E. Peterson, T. J. Hosick, and P. L. Guenther, A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Carbon Monoxide Emissions Reduction Utilizing Remote Sensing, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 43, 978-988 (1993). 

Monitoring to estimate exposure is essential to risk assessment near sources of exposure. Cost-effective hazardous waste site assessments include three phases (1) preliminary site assessment, utilizing aerial photography and site inspections ... 

Based on the counsel of his advisors. President Richard Nixon believed that the Kaiser Health Plan could be replicated at a national level as a means to control health care costs. Because many of President Nixon s advisees were Californians, they were familiar with the Kaiser health system, the home of some of Mr. Kaiser s first prepaid health plans. They knew that HMOs at the time offered numerous possible advantages to the traditional health care system. These HMOs (1) were cost effective, (2) provided quality care, (3) decreased administrative waste, (4) instituted health care utilization controls, and (5) demonstrated a high degree of patient satisfaction. ... 

A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the effect of the driving force on the utility cost and the equipment cost. The results are shown in Fig. 4 and they confirm that the driving force is inversely proportional to the ease of separation and therefore the cost. This means that over-prediction of the driving force may lead to infeasible separation while under-prediction of the driving force may lead to waste of resources. The equipment costs were estimated by Aspen ICARUS and utility pricings were based on general pricings in Thailand. 

Waste products from many industrial processes contain at times significant concentrations of metals which are objectionable on environmental grounds and yet constitute an appreciable economic asset. The presence of toxic metals in such wastes constitutes an environmental hazard, particularly because the ever-decreasing pH of the rainwater makes their leachability and contamination of the ground water more likely. Careful and costly waste-disposal procedures are thus mandatory so as to prevent this from occurring. A preferred alternative is the cost-effective conversion of such waste into useful products. This provides an optimal solution to the waste-disposal problem because (a) it eliminates the need for a safe and costly disposal of the hazardous waste (b) it maximizes resource utilization and conservation through recycling, and (c) it derives an economic benefit from the sale of the obtained products. 

Without co-generation the utility consumption would be Qpp. Therefore, the work W is get for free The transformation of high-pressure steam in work has a theoretical efficiency of 100% when the rejected heat is used inside a process. Co-generation has proved to be cost effective in processes involving high exothermal reactions, but also as a method for valorisation of process waste. 

PDF must have a cost-effective drug utilization management program, quality assurance measures, medication error reduction systems, and a program to combat and recognize fraud, waste, and abuse. 

Availability and utility costs are another important factor which influences the general decision in favor of a chemical or a physical gas purification process. Inexpensive waste heat at a suitable level favors chemical wash processes, low-priced electricity and cold cooling water have a favorable effect on the operating cost of physical wash processes. Other aspects which have an effect on the selection of the absorbent are its selectivity, the possible purification efficiency, and the properties and availability of the absorbent itself. 

Natural fiber (jute fabric) and industrial wastes are used along with polymer to make composite wood substitute products. In this process, processed fabric of jute fiber and industrial wastes such as fly ash/red mud/marble sluny dust with polymer were synthesized in molds of required length and width. The composite laminates were fabricated with requisite pressure and cured at room temperature. Various products such as full size door shutters and panels can be fabricated and designed according to requirement. The industrial waste-based polymer composite products are comparable to natural wood and thus could be used as a wood substitute for doors, windows, ceilings, flooring, partitions, and furniture, etc. The products are cost-effective and no further maintenance is required. This is an environment friendly product with fruitful utilization of fly ash/red mud/marble slurry dust (Table 22.14). The salient features of the products are ... 

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