Reduction techniques

J. D. Turner, P. K. Weiner, H. M. Chun, V. Lupi, S. Gallion, and U. C. Singh. Variable reduction techniques applied to molecular dynamics simulations. In W. F. van Gunsteren, P. K. Weiner, and A. J. Wilkinson, editors. Computer Simulation of Biomolecular Systems Theoretical and Experimental Applications, volume 2, chapter 24. ESCOM, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1993. 

Metallic cerium is prepared by metahothermic reduction techniques, such as reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or using electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or others processes. The metahothermic technique produces high-purity cerium. 

Augustine, R. L. 1968, Reduction Techniques and Applications in Organic Synthesis, M. Dekker New York... 

Cesium was first produced ia the metallic state by electrolysis of a molten mixture of cesium and barium cyanides (2). Subsequentiy the more common thermochemical—reduction techniques were developed (3,4). There were essentially no iadustrial uses for cesium until 1926, when it was used for a few years as a getter and as an effective agent ia reduciag the electron work function on coated tungsten filaments ia radio tubes. Development of photoelectric cells a few years later resulted ia a small but steady consumption of cesium and other appHcations for cesium ia photosensing elements followed. 

Another aspect of process improvement is color improvement. Eor example, use of phosphoric acid and formaldehyde on the dimer product is said to improve color (68). Other treatments, both on the raw materials and on the finished product, have also been used. Most of these are variations of standard fatty material color reduction techniques. 

Adequate ventilation is necessary for aH process lines to ensure worker safety. Electroless copper baths must have good ventilation to remove toxic formaldehyde vapors and caustic mist generated by the hydrogen evolution reactions and air sparging. Electroless nickels need adequate ventilation to remove nickel and ammonia vapors. Some states and municipalities requite the removal of ammonia from wastewaters. A discussion of printed circuit board environmental issues and some sludge reduction techniques is avaHable (25). 

A flow-injection system with electrochemical hydride generation and atomic absorption detection for the determination of arsenic is described. This technique has been developed in order to avoid the use sodium tetrahydroborate, which is capable of introducing contamination. The sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH ) - acid reduction technique has been widely used for hydride generation (HG) in atomic spectrometric analyses. However, this technique has certain disadvantages. The NaBH is capable of introducing contamination, is expensive and the aqueous solution is unstable and has to be prepared freshly each working day. In addition, the process is sensitive to interferences from coexisting ions. 

HEART Human Error rale Assessment and Reduction Technique Williams, 1988... 

Contents Introduction and Principles. - The Reaction of Dichlorocarbene With Olefins. - Reactions of Dichlorocarbene With Non-Olefinic Substrates. -Dibromocarbene and Other Carbenes. - Synthesis of Ethers. - Synthesis of Esters. - Reactions of Cyanide Ion. - Reactions of Superoxide Ions. - Reactions of Other Nucleophiles. - Alkylation Reactions. - Oxidation Reactions. - Reduction Techniques. - Preparation and Reactions of Sulfur Containing Substrates. -Ylids. - Altered Reactivity. - Addendum Recent Developments in Phase Transfer Catalysis. 

Marks, j. R., and R. F. Weston. Technical and Cost Comparison of VOC Emission Reduction Techniques, 1989 AIChE Summer National Meeting, Philadelphia, August 22, 1989. 

The requirements of the automotive industry are more demanding than some other industries. Automotive products have to be safe, reliable, and maintainable, protect the occupants, and have minimal impact on the environment in their manufacture, use, and disposal. The automotive sector is a very competitive market and as a consequence costs have to be optimized. There is little margin for excessive variation, as variation causes waste and waste costs money and time. Therefore several methods have evolved to reduce variation. Among them are SPC, FMEA, MSA, and many other techniques The automotive industry believes that the more their suppliers adopt such variation reduction techniques the more likely it will be that the resultant product will be brought to the market more quickly and its production process be more efficient. 

Chapter 7, Case Studies, uses examples that illustrate the application of the various error analysis and reduction techniques to real world process industry cases. 

Tungsten bronzes can be prepared by a variety of reductive techniques but probably the most general method consists of heating the normal tungstate with tungsten metal. They are extremely inert chemically, being resistant both to alkalis and to acids, even when hot and concentrated. Their colours depend in the proportion of M and W present. In the case of sodium... 

Ott, H. W., Noise Reduction Techniques in Electrical Systems, John Wiley, New York (1976). 

Pu(02)2 Pu(OH)3, or PUF3 from solution and converting it to PUF4 for bomb reduction to metal. This method is now being replaced by direct reduction techniques. 

M. N. Rerick, The Chemistry of the Mixed Hydrides, Reduction Techniques, S. 1, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1968. 

An increase in reducible surface-bound material during ennoblement was demonstrated using galvanostatic reduction" techniques to monitor potential as a stainless steel coupon was cathodically polarized. Coulombs of reducible material were calculated from the duration of regions of polarization rate lag that indicated reduction of surface-bound material. Longer exposure times and thicker biofouling were not sufficient to increase the abundance of reducible surface-bound material. The increase seemed to be associated with increased... 

In the search for a better understanding of the Pt promoting effect, the diffeimit sofids were studied by the XPS and tenperature-progranmied reduction techniques. 

Synthetic Methodology Assessment for Reduction Techniques (SMART)... 

Where reduction techniques, such as microfilming, are used, suitable reader and photocopying equipment shall be readily available. 

Providing guidance or counseling as needed (e.g., stress-reduction techniques). 

Stress reduction techniques. Psychotherapy including stress management, guided imagery, and relaxation techniques are being used more frequently as adjunctive therapies for patients with psoriasis. Stress reduction has been shown to improve both the extent and severity of psoriasis. 

To obtain representative samples from nonhomoge-neous sample materials, such as polymer compounds, particle-size reduction techniques need often to be applied (not for film) [50]. Also, for destructive inpolymer additive analysis it is advantageous to change the physical state of solid samples to provide a larger surface area per unit mass. Complete extraction is sometimes achieved only after grinding the sample. Typically, Perlstein [51] has reported recoveries of only 59 % for extraction of Tinuvin 320 from unground PVC after 16 h of Soxhlet extraction with diethyl ether while recoveries rise to 97 % for ground polymer. 

RH Muller, K Peters. Nanosuspensions for the formulation of poorly soluble drugs I.Preparation by a size-reduction technique. Int J Pharm 160(2) 229-237, 1998. 

Virginia WMP, Fact Sheet, Waste Minimization Program on Source Reduction Techniques for Local Governments, Virginia Waste Minimization Program, Richmond, VA, available at http //www.p2pays. org/ref/ll/10314.htm, 2007. 

Growing concern about the risks posed by indoor radon has underscored the need for dependable radon-resistant residential construction techniques. In response to this public health exposure, the U.S. EPA has developed and demonstrated a variety of methods that have been used to reduce radon levels in existing homes.2,8 Many of these methods could be applied during construction, involve less labor and financial investments, and provide greater homeowner satisfaction and safety than would a radon-reduction technique installed after the home is built and occupied. 

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