W-Methyl pyrrolidone

ETHYLENE CARBOXYLIC ACID (79-10-7) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 124°F/51°C). Light, heat, or peroxides can cause explosive polymerization. Incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, ammonia, amines, isocyanates, alkylene oxides, epichlorohydrin, oxidizers, toluenediamine, pyridine, methyl pyridine, w-methyl pyrrolidone, 2-methyl-6-ethyl aniline, aniline, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, 2-aminoethanol. Severely corrodes carbon steel and iron attacks other metals. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. The uninhibited vapors may form polymers in plug vents, confined spaces, or flame arresters of storage tanks. 

NMP (w-methyl pyrrolidone) 202 Strong irritant/toxic (0.05 M LiBr added as for DMF)... 

Hexachlorobenzene gave 1,3,5-trifluorotrichlorobenzene when DMF or DMSO2 [41] was used as solvent, although the use of W-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) [42, 43] gave some tetrafluorodichlorobenzene that could not be fluorinated further in this mixture (Figure 9.17). 

Abbreviations conform to Tarr s nomenclature F, formic acid A, acetic acid fA, trifluoroacetic acid KNm, dimethylformamide mSO, methylsulfoxide MOH, methanol EOH, ethanol MCN, acetonitrile M5KN, N-methyl-pyrrolidone 6N, pyridine N, ammonia ENm, dimethylethylamine M6N, N-methylpiperidine M6NO, N-methylmorpholine E6NO, N-ethylmorpholine ENip, diisopropylethylamine eN, triethylamine fmK, hexafluoroacetone (hydrate) cit, citric acid W, water NaA, sodium acetate eN+, tetraethylammonium MNT, methylthiocarbamyl NT, phenylthiocarbamyl MNGS, methylisothiocyanate ONCS, phenylisothiocyanate NPN-TNdab, N-aminopropyl-N -p-dimethylaminoazobenzene thiourea. 

Besides other linear polycondensates, poly(ester-imide)s with benzophenone structures were claimed [273] as useful for producing photographic images by exposure through a photographic mask. The varnishes were dried at 80 °C, giving on a copper substrata a 1.2 my layer. Exposure is made with a 1000 W UV lamp. The exposed areas, crosslinked by benzophenone hydrogen abstraction, are insoluble and the unexposed areas of the film are removed with N-methyl-pyrrolidone. 

Payan, J.P., Boudry, 1., Beydon, D., Fabry, J.P, Grandclaude, M.C., Ferrari, E., and Andre, J.C. (2003). Toxicokinetics and metabolism of W-[(14)C]W-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in male Spraque-Dawley rats in vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 31, 659-669. 

DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide NMP, W-methyl-2-pyrrolidone Py, pyridine MEK, methyl ethyl ketone AcOH, acetic acid THF, tetrahydrofurane DMF, A, A-dimethyl formamide. 

Aldehyde linearity is high (ca. 90%). Sufficient N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP ca. 40%w) and some water (1 -2%w) are applied to achieve a one-phase system in the reactors. After reaction, water is added in a mixer (phase ratio 1 1 v/v), followed by efficient phase separation in a settler, with virtually all catalyst in the NMP/water layer. The crude product layer is subjected to a multi-stage water extraction to remove residual NMP and catalyst, and a final treatment over a silica-bed to reduce Rh leach levels from 0.2 ppmw to 0.02 ppmw. The recycle catalyst layer (in NMP/water) is dried in two steps, to evaporate water and achieve the low water concentrations required for one-phase reaction, and then recycled to the reactors. Water is recycled, from evaporators, via water extraction, to the mixer. The flexibility of this process with respect to alkene carbon number seems excellent good performance has been found for Cs-C aUcenes [61]. 

Butyrolactone, N-Methyl pyrrolidone, Styrene Chloroform 80% r -Butanol 20% Chloroform w/30% Methanol p-Chlorophenol sat d sol n methanol Chromic acid 50% sulfuric acid 50% m-Cresol 55%,/ -Cresol 30%, phenol 15% Cyanuric Chloride 20%, Toluene 80% Cyclohexylamine 32%, Morpholine 8%,... 

To improve the solubility of polyimides, Korshak and co-workers used l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)-ethylene as the starting nucleophile [17] (Scheme 3.2). The resulting polymers turned out to be of relatively high molecular weight (r = 1.2-1.4 dl/g), heat resistant > 270 °C) and fire resistant (oxygen index (OI) = 36-39) (Table 3.2). Polypyromellitimide was soluble in H2SO4 only, but polyimides based on the dianhydrides of benzophenone-3,3, 4,4 -tetracarboxylic acid and diphenyloxide-3,3, 4,4 -tetracarboxylic acid were also soluble in w-cresol and a trichloroethane (TCE)/phenol (3 1) mixture. Diphenyloxide-3,3, 4,4 -tetracarboxylic acid was soluble even in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (Scheme 3.2). 

Enamine (235) obtained from cyclic ketones and the acetal of /V-methyl-2-pyrrolidone gave a fused 2-pyrone [83IJC(B)1083]. 2//-Chromenes were obtained from of 3,5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde and enamines (94RRC183) (Scheme 42). The pyran ring is formed by a reaction of aminals of conjugated w-dimethylaminoaldehydes with cyclic /1-dicarbonyl compounds (94IZV285) (Scheme 43). 

Jungbauer, F.H.W., P.J. Coenraads, and S.H. Kardaun. 2001. Toxic hygroscopic contact reaction to V-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Contact Dermatitis 45 303. 

Akhter, S.A. and Barry, B.W. (1985). Absorption through human skin of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen effect of dose variation, deposited drag films, occlusion and the penetration enhancer A-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 37, 27-37. 

Polyaniline (PANi) has been studied extensively for its electroactive characteristics and potential applications in electrical devices, such as polymer electrodes and sensors [46]. Semi-conductive membranes from PVDF/PANi blends in V-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions were prepared by phase inversion in an aqueous solution of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) [47]. Entrapment of a stoichiometric amount of PSSA dopant molecules into the blend membrane occurred during phase inversion process and gave rise to a semi-conductivity membrane. At a PANi content of above 15 wt%, the entrapped PSSA chains were present in stoichiometric amount and dispersed evenly throughout the blend membrane. The membranes prepared by this method had an asymmetry structure with a dense skin layer and a porous inner layer. The surface resistance of the blend membrane decreased with the increase in PANi weight fraction. A surface resistance of about 10 i2/cm was obtained for the PSSA-doped PVDF/PANi (65/35, w/w) membrane. 

I. J. Hardy, A. Windberg-Baarup, C. Neri, P.V. Byway, S.W. Booth, S. Fitzpatrick, Modulation of drug releaes kinetics from hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose matrix tablets using polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Int J Pharm, 337 246-253,2007. 

A new facile method for the rapid synthesis of aliphatic polyamides and polyimides was developed by using a domestic microwave oven to facilitate the polycondensation of both w-amino acids and nylon salts as well as of the salt monomers composed of aliphatic diamines and pyromellitic acid or its diethyl ester in the presence of a small amount of a polar organic medium. Suitable organic media for the polyamide synthesis were tetramethylene sulfone, amide-type solvents such as A -cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP) and 13-dimethyl-2-imidazolidone (DMI), and phenolic solvents like m-cresol and c)-chlorophenol, and for the polyimide synthesis amide-type solvents such as A-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, CHP, and DMI. In the case of the polyamide synthesis, the polycondensation was almost complete within 5 min, producing a series of polyamides with inherent viscosities around 0.5 dL/g, whereas the polyimides having the viscosity values above 0.5 dL/g were obtained quite rapidly by the microwave-assisted polycondensation for only 2 min. 

The combination of ethanol/water/DME and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was found to interact sufficiently strongly with microwave and generates the heat required to promote the Stille cross-couplings. Methyl acrylate was converted smoothly to the corresponding cinnamic acid esters in 3.8 min at 60 W in the presence of DMF (Patel et al., 1977). 

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