Amide-type

The solid state structure of 3-methyl- and 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2/7-pyrido[2,l-Z)]-[l,3]oxazinium inner salts were established by X-ray diffraction analysis (00JCS(P2)2096). The amide type N(5)-C(4)0 bonds are... 

An amide-type corrosion inhibitor is prepared as follows Methylmethacrylate is converted with tallow triamine or tallow tetramine at 80° to 90° C into the corresponding amides. After completion, the temperature is raised to initiate the polymerization reaction [1350]. The polymerization reaction is performed at temperatures up to 200° C. The polymer controls the corrosion of metal surfaces in contact with a corrosive hydrocarbon-containing medium. 

Alkylation at several sites on the DNA bases affords an attachment that is chemically stable. Nucleophilic sites that typically yield stable alkyl attachments include the exocyclic nitrogen atoms ISPG, N A, N C, the amide-type nitrogens NIG, NIT, 0 G, and Alkyl groups on phosphate residues in DNA are typically stable... 

From phenyl cyclopropenone and enamines243 in addition to betaines (type 371), penta-2,4-diene amides (type 372), and j3-aminoenones (type 373), adducts from two moles of cyclopropenone and one mole of enamine are obtained as main products and were assigned the spirolactone structures 382 ... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, p 340. Katzung, p 437.) Of the listed agents, only bupivacaine is an amide. Allergy to amide-type local anesthetics is much less frequent than with ester-type local anesthetics, such as benzo-caine patients who demonstrate an allergy to one such drug will be allergic to all of them... 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 338. Katzung, pp 438-439.) Ester-type local anesthetics are mainly hydrolyzed by pseudocholinesterases. Amide-type local anesthetics are hydrolyzed by microsomal enzymes in the liver. Of the listed agents, only lidocaine is an amide and can be influenced by liver dysfunction. 

The cycloaddition of Weinreb amide functionalized nitrile oxide with a range of dipolarophiles has been studied. N-Methoxy-N-methylcarbonocyanidic amide, nitrile oxide 207 (i.e., a nitrile oxide of Weinreb amide type derivative) was generated from 2-chloro-2-(hydroxyimino)-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide as intermediate and used in situ. Thus, addition of 3-bromo-l-propyne as dipolarophile to this precursor of 207, followed by quenching with triethylamine, gave 5-(bromo-methyl)-N-(methoxy)-N-methyl-3-isoxazolecarboxamide 208 in 55% to 60% yield (367). 

D. M. Lambert, G. K. E. Scriba, J. H. Poupaert, P. Dumont, Anticonvulsant Activity of Ester- and Amide-Type Lipid Conjugates of Glycine and V-Benzyloxycarbonyl Glycine , Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 1996, 4, 159-166. 

Replacement of the carbamate group with isosteric functionalities such as an IV-methyl carbamate, urea, or amide group clearly confirmed the favorable qualities of the carbamate group [57], While the introduction of a urea group, as in case of iV-9-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-9-desoxy-9-aminoquinine selector, instead of carbamate functionality turned out to be virtually equivalent in terms of enantiorecognition capabilities [57,58], the enantiomer separation potential was severely lost on iV-methylation of the carbamate group, like in 0-9-(N-me hy -N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)quinine [32,58], or its replacement by an amide, such as in case of Af-9-(pivaloyl)-9-desoxy-9-aminoquinine selector [57,58], For example, enantioselectivities dropped for DNB-alanine from 8.1 for the carbamate-type CSP, over 6.6 for thein-ea-type CSP, to 1.7 for the amide-type CSP, and 1.3 for the A -methyl... 

ESEEM of FeMo-co does not show the nitrogen quadrupole frequencies observed for the M center in the protein. This shows that the observed splitting is likely due to an l N atom on the protein. Further, this nitrogen is probably not of the deprotonated amide type, which is the mode in which NMF is thought to bind to FeMo-co. 

The amide type local anesthetic lidocaine is broken down primarily in the liver by oxidative N-dealkylation. This step can occur only to a restricted extent in prilocaine and articaine because both carry a substituent on the C-atom adjacent to the nitrogen group. Articaine possesses a carboxymethyl group on its thiophen ring. At this position, ester cleavage can occur, resulting in the formation of a polar -COO group, loss of the amphiphilic character, and conversion to an inactive metabolite. 

Biotin (5) is the coenzyme of the carboxylases. Like pyridoxal phosphate, it has an amide-type bond via the carboxyl group with a lysine residue of the carboxylase. This bond is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Using ATP, biotin reacts with hydrogen carbonate (HCOa ) to form N-carboxybiotin. From this activated form, carbon dioxide (CO2) is then transferred to other molecules, into which a carboxyl group is introduced in this way. Examples of biotindependent reactions of this type include the formation of oxaloacetic acid from pyruvate (see p. 154) and the synthesis of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA (see p. 162). 

Note 1 The rigid backbone often has a polyester, polyamide or poly(ester-amide) type of structure. Examples are ... 

Stula EF, Krauss WC Embryotoxicity in rats and rabbits from cutaneous application of amide-type solvents and substituted ureas. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 41 3 5-5 5, 1977... 

IM Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type and in patients with severe shock or heart block due to the use of lidocaine hydrochloride diluent. 

G Dollo, P Le Corre, F Chevanne, R Le Verge. Inclusion complexation of amide-typed local anaestetics with /3-cyclodextrin and its derivatives. II. Evaluation of affinity constants and in vitro transfer rate constants. Int J Pharm... 

In the system nickel/L/butadiene, secondary amines can shift the cyclodimerization of butadiene to the acyclic products (7a) and (75) Its cocatalyst functfon can be visualized by the corresponding [L]-control map (Scheme 3.3-2). In the three-component system nickel/morpholine/butadiene the open-chain products are formed for log ([morpholine]o/[Ni]o) > -1. Both octatrienes (7a) and (75) are formed at the constant ratio of 1.8 over the entire range of the examined amine/nickel scale. However, the efficiency of the catalytic system is low. After a turnover of 30% butadiene, the catalytic activity ends because of the formation of stop complexes of the nickel amide type. 

Local anesthetics are used for topical anesthesia, local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, paravertebral anesthesia, intravenous block also known as regional anesthesia, epidural block, and spinal i.e. subarachnoid blockade. The local anesthetics may be divided into two main groups, the esters and the amide-type agents. 

Amide-type agents include articaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, mepivacain and ropiva-caine. These are metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes with amidase activity. The amide group is preferred for parenteral and local use. If by accident rapidly administered intravascularly these agents, especially bupivacaine but also lidocaine, can produce serious and potentially lethal adverse effects including convulsions and cardiac arrest. They can more easily accumulate after multiple administrations. Intravenous lidocaine is sometimes used for regional anesthesia, for infiltration procedures, for the induction of nerve blockade and for epidural anesthesia. However, it is also used as an antiarrhythmic. Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic used for peripheral nerve blocks and epidural anesthesia. 

Contraindications include hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type (a very rare occurrence), severe hepatic dysfunction, a history of grand mal seizures due to lidocaine, and age 70 or older. Lidocaine is contraindicated in the presence of second- or third-degree heart block, since it may increase the degree of block and can abolish the idioventricular pacemaker responsible for maintaining the cardiac rhythm. 

Contraindications History of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams (imipenem and cilas-tin, meropenem), hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics (IM)... 

Contraindications Adams-Stokes syndrome, hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics, septicemia (spinal anesthesia), supraventricular arrhythmias, Wolff-Par-kinson-White syndrome... 

Mechanism of Action An amide-type local anesthetic that shortens the action potential duration and decreases the effective refractory period and automaticity in the His-Purkinje system of the myocardium by blocking sodium transport across myocardial cell membranes. Therapeutic Effect Suppresses ventricular arrhythmias. Pharmacokinetics Very rapidly and completely absorbed following PO administration, Protein binding 10%, Metabolized in liver. Excreted in urine. Half-life 15 hr. 

In the presence of ammonia, the metal-azide unit can possibly undergo facile ammonolysis in the same way as alkyl-amide type precursors, but it produces HN3 instead of alkylamines. Hydrogen azide itself acts as a very efficient source for the N-component (see Eq. 5). In Ihe case of ammonolysis of metal azides in the gas phase, HN3 would be produced in situ only in the reactor close to the substrate surface, thus circumventing the intrinsic problems... 

Local anaesthetics are readily absorbed through mucous membranes and damaged skin. These are weak bases and at tissue pH diffuse through the connective tissue and cellular membranes to reach the nerve fibres where ionization can occur. Amide type local anaesthetics (lignocaine, bupivacaine) are metabolised in the liver and in some cases the kidneys. These are considerably protein bound. For certain procedures the duration of action is prolonged by adding... 

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