In vitro percutaneous

Sartorelli P, Aprea C, Bussani R, et al. 1997. In vitro percutaneous penetration of methyl-parathion from a commercial formulation through the human skin. Occup Environ Med 54 524-525. 

Wester, R. C. et al., In vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption and skin decontamination of arsenic from water and soil, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 20, 336, 1993. 

Bronaugh, R.L. (1998) Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption. In Dermatotoxicology Methods (Marzulli, F.N. and Maibach, H.I., Eds.), Taylor Francis, Philadelphia. 

S. W. Collier, N. M. Sheikh, A. Sakr, J. L. Lichtin, R. F. Stewart, and R. L. Bronaugh. Maintainance of skin viability during in-vitro percutaneous absorp-tion/metabolism studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99 522-533 (1989). 

R. C. Wester, J. Christoffel, T. Hartway, N. Poblete, H. I. Maibach, and J. Forsell. Human cadaver skin viability for in vitro percutaneous absorption Storage and detrimental effects of heat-separation and freezing. Pharm. Res. 15 82-84 (1998). 

R. L. Bronaugh, R. E Stewart, and E. R. Congdon. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. II. Animal models for human skin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62 481 188 (1982). 

H. Raabe, R. Curren, S. Ward, and J. Harbell. Report from an in vitro dermal absorption assay workshop, 2005 In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Expert Users Workshop, Gaithersburg, USA, 2005. 

R. C. Scott, M. Walker, and P. H. Dugard. In vitro percutaneous absorption experiments A technique for the production of intact epidermal membranes from rat skin. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jpn. 37 35-41 (1986). 

F. P. Schmook, J. G. Meingassner, and A. Billich. Comparison of human skin or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in-vitro percutaneous absorption. Int. J. Pharm. 215 51-56 (2001). 

Frankild S, Andersen KE, Nielsen GD. 1995. Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro percutaneous penetration of water, hydrocortisone and nickel. Contact Dermatitis 32 338-345. 

Wester, R.C., T. Hartway, H.I. Maibach, M.J. Schell, D.J. Northington, B.D. Culver, and PL. Strong. 1998a. In vitro percutaneous absorption of boron as boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in human skin. A summary. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 66 111-120. 

Bodde, H.E., et al. 1991. Visualization of in vitro percutaneous penetration of mercuric chloride transport through intercellular space versus cellular uptake through desmosomes. J Control Release 15 227. 

Paolino, D., et al. 2005. Ethosomes for skin delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate In vitro percutaneous permeation through human skin and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on human... 

Fang, J.Y., et al. 1999. Effect of low frequency ultrasound on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of clobetasol 17-propionate. Int J Pharm 191 33. 

Nelson, J.S., et al. 1991. Mid-infrared laser ablation of stratum comeum enhances in vitro percutaneous transport of drugs. J Invest Dermatol 97 874. 

Barber ED, TeetselNM, Kolberg KF, et aL 1992. A comparative study of the rates of in vitro percutaneous absorption of eight chemicals using rat and human skin. Fund Appl Toxicol 19 493-497... 

Rastogi, S. K., and Singh, J. (2005), Effect of chemical penetration enhancer and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of insulin through porcine epidermis, Pharm. Dev. Technol., 10(1), 97-104. 

Bronaugh, R.L. and R.F. Stewart (1984). Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies IV The flow-through diffusion cell, J. Pharmacol Scl, 74, 64-67. 

Doucet, O., N. Gracia and L. Zastrow (1998). Skin culture model a possible alternative to the use of excised human skin for assessing in vitro percutaneous absorption, Toxicol In Vitro, 12, 423-430. 

Scott, R.C. and J.D. Ramsey (1987). Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption of a lipophilic molecule (cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide), J. Invest. Dermatol, 89, 142-146. 

Wilhelm, K.P., C. Surber and H. Maibach (1991). Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate-induced skin irritation on in vitro percutaneous absorption of four drugs, J. Invest. Dermatol, 96, 963-967. 

Kemppainen, B.W., Mehta, M., and Clarke, C.R. 1989. Effect of vehicle on in vitro percutaneous penetration of [3H] PbTx-3 (a red tide toxin) in human and guinea-pig skin. Toxicon 27, 54-55. 

Conte, L., Ramis, J., Mis, R. et al. Percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of [14C]flutrimzaole in mini-pigs. Arzneimittelforschung 42(6) 847-853, 1992. Kao, J., Hall, J. and Helman, G. In vitro percutaneous absorption in mouse skin Influence of skin appendages. Tox. App. Pharm. 94 93-103, 1988. 

Franz, T. J. and Lehman, P. A. (1990). The use of water permeability as a means of validation for skin integrity in in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 525. 

Itoh, T., Xia, J., Magavi, R., Nishihata, T., and Rytting, J. H. Use of shed snake skin as a model membrane for in vitro percutaneous penetration studies Comparison with human skin. Pharm. Res. 7 1042, 1990. 

Barry, B.W. In vitro Percutaneous Absorption Principles, Fundamentals and Applications, ed.Bronaugh R.L.,CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991. 

Guengoer S, Bergisadi N. Effect of penetration enhancers on in vitro percutaneous penetration of nimesulide through rat skin. Pharmazie 2004 59 39-41. 

Gwak HS, Chun IK. Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tenoxicam through hairless mouse skin. Int Pharm 2002 236(1-2) 57-64. 

Santoyo S, Arellano A, Ygartua P, Martin C. Penetration enhancer effects on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of piroxicam through rat skin. Int ] Pharm 1995 117(18) 219-224. 

Gao S, Singh J. Effect of oleic acid/ethanol and oleic acid/propylene glycol on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of 5-fluorouracil and tamoxifen and the macroscopic barrier property of porcine epidermis. Int J Pharm 1998 165 45—55. 

More recently, thymol has been shown to enhance the in vitro percutaneous absorption of a number of drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, piroxicam, propranolol, naproxen, and tamoxifen. Studies have also demonstrated that the melting point of lidocaine is significantly lowered when it is mixed with thymol. ... 

Gao S, Singh J. In vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of the lipophilic drug tamoxifen by terpenes. / Control Release 1998 51 193-199. 

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