Vitamins table

Concomitant drug therapy can alter serum concentrations of vitamins (Table 57-7), minerals, and electrolytes. 

Figure 11.21 Outline of synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Note in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, the free base, inositol, is used directly. Inositol is produced in the phosphatase reactions that hydrolyse and inactivate the messenger molecule, inositol trisphosphate (IP3). This pathway recycles inositol, so that it is unlikely to be limiting for the formation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP )- This is important since inhibition of recycling is used to treat bipolar disease (mania) (Chapter 12, Figure 12.9). Full details of the pathway are presented in Appendix 11.5. Inositol, along with choline, is classified as a possible vitamin (Table 15.3).

About 12 chemicals are widely recognised as vitamins (Table 15.3), although some are actually families of interconvertible chemical forms. Choline, inositol and bioflavonoids are considered to be possible vitamins. The essential fatty acids and essential amino acids are excluded... 

Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins (Table 3-3). 

Milk contains significant concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins (Table 3.5, Figure 3.4) and milk and dairy products make a significant contribution to the dietary requirements for these vitamins in Western countries. The actual form of the fat-soluble vitamins in milk appears to be uncertain and their concentration varies widely with breed of animal, feed and stage of lactation, e.g. the vitamin A activity of colostrum is c. 30 times higher than that of mature milk. 

Recently developed HPLC methods determine thiamine either alone or concomitantly with other vitamins. Tables 6-10 review HPLC methods, published from 1992 to 1997, for the determination of total thiamine. All but one method (79) uses fluorescence detection of the thiochrome derivative. Those methods that determine thiamine simultaneously with other B vitamins are reviewed in Sec. XI of this chapter. 

Poultry require 14 vitamins (Table 3.6), but not all have to be provided in the diet. Scott et al. (1982) have presented good descriptions of the effects of vitamin deficiencies in poultry. 

Although predominantly sugar, maple syrup does contain some amount of several minerals and vitamins (Tables 4.7-4.8). A one-fourth cup serving contains 217 calories, but supplies 100% of the Canadian... 

Table 6.1 lists the water-soluble vitamins with their structures and coenzyme forms. Certain portions of the coenzymes are especially important in their biological activities, and they are indicated by arrows. For example, in case of coenzyme A, a thiol ester is formed between its -SH residue and the acyl group being transferred. And in the case of pyridoxal phosphate, its carbonyl residue forms a Schiff base with the amino group of the amino acid that is being decarboxylated. Fat-soluble vitamins (Table 6.2) are also transformed into biologically active substances. However, with the possible exception of vitamin K, these do not operate as prosthetic groups or cosubstrates in specific enzyme reactions. 

The drugs most frequently incorporated in instant granules are antacids and vitamins. Table 75 gives details of a magaldrate instant granule formulation developed in the laboratory, as an example of this dosage form. 

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) specifies the daily dose for each vitamin along with food sources that contain the vitamin. Table 9.1 contains the recommended dietary allowance as published by the USDA and the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board (http //www.iom.edu). 

QS are also rich in micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins. Table 1.8 shows the mineral content of QS and quinoa flour. The main minerals are potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Table 1.8). According to the National Academy of Sciences (2004) the magnesium, manganese, copper, and iron present in 100 g of QS cover the daily needs of... 

Each of the methods outlined in the following sections has significant problems in determining a dose-response curve for a vitamin. Table... 

About two dozen inherited diseases respond to pharmacological doses of a vitamin (Table 38-1). Many have been mentioned elsewhere in this book in conjunction with the affected metabolic pathways. Although most are very rare, their study has contributed much to acknowledge of metabolism in the human body. Some are heterogeneous in symptoms and in responsiveness to therapy, suggesting genetic heterogeneity, as discussed above. 

Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Table 1 lists vitamins, the coenzymes derived from them, the type of reactions in which they participate,... 

Cofactors that are organic molecules are called coenzymes. Coenzymes are derived from organic compounds commonly known as vitamins. Table 25.1 lists the vitamins and their biochemically active coenzyme forms. 

Early nutritional studies divided vitamins into two classes water-soluble vitamins and water-insoluble vitamins (Table 25.1). Vitamins A, D, E, and K are water insoluble. Vitamin K is the only water-insoluble vitamin currently known to function as a coenzyme. Vitamin A is required for proper vision, vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism, and vitamin E is an antioxidant. Because they do not function as coenzymes, vitamins A, D, and E are not discussed in this chapter. Vitamins A and E are discussed in Sections 9.8 and 26.7, and vitamin D is discussed in Section 29.6. 

The reason that the list of vitamins seems to skip directly from E to the rarely mentioned K is that the vitamins corresponding to the letters F-J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or were renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins. Table 8.2 lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. 

Manipulation in the analysis of biological samples (plasma, urine, tissue samples) is designed to decrease the amount of protein and other interfering material, and it may be necessary also to control the oxidation/reduction state of the vitamin. The chemical characteristics of the vitamins (Table 1) are of... 

Phosphorus enters the body in organic form as various esters, which are present as nucleic acids, phosphoproteins, phospholipids, phosphosaccharides and vitamins (Table 11.12). Ingested P is absorbed mainly in the small intestine, as HjPO , and HPOJ , and expulsion occurs via the kidney in the form of these anions, mainly in the urine. The kidneys regulate the P level in the blood by controlling the excretion rate. 

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid or vitamin PP, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin (Table 7.1). This vitamin is the generic descriptor for two vitamers niacin and niacinamide. In the research literature the terms nicotinic acid/nicotinamide are most commonly used, while in medical practice niacin/niadnamide are preferred. The vitamin is obtained from the diet in the form of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and tryptophan, which are transformed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, NAD and NADP. These compounds participate in cellular oxidation-reduction reactions that are critical for energy production. NAD and NADP also participate in a wide variety of... 

The aleurone layer is rich in protein and also contains fat, enz)mies and vitamins (Table 15.8 and 15.9). The proteins, of which half are water-soluble, appear as granules in the aleurone cells. They have no influence on the baking properties... 

Phakan (Chauvin, 1982) has been designed as a medication to slow down the progression of such lens opacities as spokes and water clefts and is composed of a mixture of essential amino acids and vitamines (Table 1 Hepp, 1979 Weigelin and Hockwin, 1982 Hockwin et al., 1982 Weigelin, 1985). 

Distribution of niacin in foods is similar to other B group vitamins (Table 5.8). Niacin is present in small amounts in all foods, usually in a bound form. 

Also see RICE THIAMIN WHEAT, section on "Enriched Elour " and VITAMIN [S], Table V-5, Vitamin Table.)... 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF BIOTIN. It is difficult to obtain a quantitative requirement for biotin, for the reason that intestinal microflora make a significant contribution to the body pool of available biotin often humans excrete via the feces and urine considerably more biotin than they have ingested. However, the estimated safe and adequate intakes of biotin are given in the section on VITAMIN(S), Table V-5, Vitamin Table. 

SOURCES Of CARNITINE, Generally speaking, carnitine is high in animal foods and low in plant foods. Few foods have been assayed for carnitine, but, based on available data, the sources of carnitine given in the section on ViTAMiN(S), Table V-5, Vitamin Table, may be helpful. 

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Research Council (NRC) recommended daily allowances of niacin are given in the section on VITAMIN(S), Table V-5, Vitamin Table, Niacin. Allowances for niacin are commonly related (1) to energy expenditure, based the essential role of niacin in energy formation— the involvement of the coenzymes NAD and NADP in the functions of respiratory enzymes and (2) to protein intake, because (a) a diet that fur-... 

As is true of other B vitamins, the niacin content of foods varies widely. A grouping and ranking of foods on the basis of normal niacin content is given in the section on VITAMIN(S), TableV-5, Vitamin Table, Niacin. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE. The amount of pantothenic acid required by human beings has not been determined so, a recommended daily allowance for pantothenic acid has not been made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. Nevertheless, they do give "estimated safe and adequate intakes" beised on proportional energy needs (see section on VITAMIN(S), Table V-5, Vitamin Table). Further, they suggest that a higher intake may be needed during pregnancy and lactation. 

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