B-group vitamins

It is important in the body as, except for methionine, it is the only substance known to take part in methylating reactions. Sometimes regarded as a member of the vitamin B group. 

Nicotinic acid, HC6H402N (JCa = 1.4 X 1CT5) is another name for niacin, an important member of the vitamin B group. Determine [H+] in a solution prepared by dissolving 3.0 g of nicotinic acid (MM = 123.11 g/mol), HNic, in enough water to form 245 mL of solution. 

Another fat-soluble vitamin, E, was found by Evans and Bishop in 1923. Pregnant rats on a defined diet (alcohol-extracted casein, cornstarch, and lard) supplemented with butter (vitamins A and D) and yeast extract (vitamin B group) produced few young because of fetal resorption. Male rats on the same diet were sterile. The disorders, which have not been identified in man, were corrected by wheat-germ oil, from which tocopherol, the active ingredient, was isolated in 1936. In spite of intensive investigations and a recognition that the vitamin is an antioxidant and destroyer of free radicals, the function of vitamin E remains obscure. 

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, members of the vitamin B group and used as additives for flour and bread enrichment, and as animal feed additive among other applications, are made to the extent of 24 million pounds (nearly 11 million kilograms) per year throughout the world. Nicotinic acid (pyridine-3-caiboxylic acid), also called niacin, has many uses. See also Niacin. Nicotinic acid is made by the oxidation of 3-picolme or 2-mcthyl-5-cthylpyridine (the isocinchomcnc acid produced is partially deearboxylated). Alternatively, quinoline (the intermediate quinolinic acid) is partially deearboxylated with sulfuric add in the presence of selenium dioxide at about 300° C or with nitric acid, or by electrochemical oxidation. Nicotinic acid also can be made from 3-picoline by catalytic ammoxidation to 3-cyanopyridine, followed by hydrolysis. 

Note All B group vitamins are essential for yeast growth. Some yeasts can synthesize all then-requirements (e.g. Pichia anomala) the remainder can synthesize only part of the vitamin B group, hence the remainder of the set must be supplied externally. 

A large number of important, naturally occurring, carbohydrate compounds contain nitrogen. These include nucleic acids, coenzymes, polysaccharides, some virus components, and some of the members of the vitamin B group. Furthermore, compounds made up by union of proteins with carbohydrates are of possible wide occurrence and major biological importance. 

Hopantenate (calcium d-(+)-4-(2, 4-dihydroxy-3, 3-dimethylbutyramido)butyrate hemihydrate), or calcium hopantenate, is a homoanalog of 1-pantothenate and has been used in Japan for the treatment of mental retardation with behavioral abnormalities. It represents one of the many attempts that have been made, so far unsuccessfully, to develop derivatives of substances belonging to the vitamin B group as agents for the treatment of brain or nervous disorders (SEDA-12, 328) (SEDA-13, 347). 

Niacin (nicotinic acid pyridine-3-carboxylic acid) and nicotinamide are precursors of NAD+ and NADP+ (Figure 38-19). Niacin occurs in meat, eggs, yeast, and whole-grain cereals in conjunction with other members of the vitamin B group. Little is known about absorption, transport, and excretion of niacin and its coenzyme forms. A limited amount of niacin can be synthesized in the body from tryptophan, but it is not adequate to meet metabolic needs. 

Almost all the activated carriers that act as coenzymes are derived from xnta-mins. Vitamins are organic molecules that are needed in small amounts in the diets of some higher animals. Table 15.3 lists the vitamins that act as coenzymes (Figure 15.17). This series of vitamins is known as the vitamin B group. Note that, in all cases, the vitamin must be modified before it can serve its function. We have already touched on the roles of niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenate. We will see these three and the other B vitamins many times in our study of biochemistry. 

Pyridoxol 210 (pyridoxine, 3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine, vitamin B6) was formerly known as adermine (Kuhn 1938) because vitamin B5 deficiency causes skin diseases in animals. Pyridoxal (211, R = CHO) and pyridoxamine (211, R = CH2NH2) also belong to the vitamin B group. Pyridoxal phosphate 212 is a coenzyme for many of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 213 (NAD , reduced form NADH) is a component of oxidoreductases (for its action see p 293, synthesis see p 131). 

Metzler DE and Snell EE, Spectra and ionization ccHistants of the vitamin B group and related 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives, fACS, 77,2431-37 (1955). Cited in Perrin Bases No. 3332 lef. M40. NB See Isopyridoxal for details. 

I folic acid is a member of the j vitamin B group of vitamins. 

The vitamin B -group VII. Replacement of vitamin Bj for some microorganisms by -alanine and an unidentified factor from casein. J. biol. Chem. 158, 497 (1945). 

Vitamins are organic essential compounds needed in the human body in trace amounts for different chemical and physiological processes. Vitamins are commonly classified into two groups according to their solubility water-soluble vitamins (members of the vitamin B group and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A and its provitamins—carotenoids with vitamin A activity, vitamins E, D, and K). 

Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, there are 13 vitamins identified that are classified according to their solubility into fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (B-group... 

In alkaline solutions, carbachol degrades to choline, a member of the vitamin B group that is also known for its activity as neurotransmitter. Therefore, a method is required that selectively separates and detects carbachol and choline. Using an lonPac CS17 weak acid cation exchanger and a methanesulfonic acid... 

The data reported in the literature almost exclusively concern water-soluble vitamins (B group vitamins and vitamin C). For this reason, this chapter limits its treatment of the analytical aspects of honey to these compounds. 

Water-soluble vitamin (part of the vitamin B group). It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions. Animal studies show that nicotinamide has anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) properties. 

Vitamin B group includes a heterogeneous number of compounds, some of them electrochemically oxidizable, which have been analyzed in several foods by isocratic reversed-phase HPLC-ED after acid or alkaline digestion and subsequent enzymatic extraction. The coulometric mode using Coulochem cells have been employed in these cases using an electrochemical guard cell at an oxidation potential closer to the final detection potential [96, 97], In all cases, the potential of the coulometric cell units were set to perform in the screening mode. Similar experimental scheme has been employed elsewhere for vitamin D3 and provitamin D3 analysis [98]. 

The close relationship of biotin deficiency to the behavior of these enzyme systems certainly suggests that, by analogy to the other members of the vitamin B group, biotin may indeed be a coenzyme in some enzymatic reaction. But this point must remain speculative until more concrete evidence for the direct participation of biotin or a biotin derivative in an enzymatic reaction is presented. 

JC Rabinowitz, EE Snell. Vitamin B group. XV. Urinary excretion of pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, and 4-pyridoxic acid in human subjects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 70 235-240, 1949. 

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