Vitamins liquid chromatography applications

M. C. Gennaro, Separation of water-soluble vitamins by reversed-phase ion-interaction-reagent high-performance liquid chromatography Application to multivitamin pharmaceuticals, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 29 410(1991). 

Stillman, R. and Ma, T. S., "Application of High-Speed Liquid Chromatography to Organic Microanalysis II. Separation and Polarographic Detection of Pesticides, Vitamins, and Analgesics , Mikrochimica Acta [Wien], 1974, 641-648. 

H Hasegawa. Vitamin D determination using high-performance liquid chromatography with internal standard-redox mode electrochemical detection and its application to medical nutritional products. J Chromat 605 215-220, 1992. 

The quantitative analysis of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D and K) and their esters by reversed-phase partition in water/alcohol solvents on Zipax columns has been reported [255]. The applicability of gas and high pressure liquid chromatography of vitamin A was discussed by Vecchi, Vesely and Oesterhelt [256] who concluded that HPLC was superior in this application. 

Preferably, high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) is used to separate the active pre- and cis-isomers of vitamin D3 from other isomers and allows theic analysis by comparison with the chromatograph of a sample of pure reference j-vitamin D3, which is equilibrated to a mixture of pre- and cis-isomers (82,84,85). This method is more sensitive and provides information on isomer distribution as well as the active pre- and cis-isomer content of a vitamin D sample. It is applicable to most forms of vitamin D, including the more dilute formulations, ie, multivitamin preparations containing at least 1 lU/g (AOAC Methods 979.24 980.26 981.17 982.29 985.27) (82). The practical problem of isolation of the vitamin material from interfering and extraneous components is the limiting factor in the assay of low level formulations. 

See also Amino Acids. Electrophoresis Proteins. Food and Nutritional Analysis Overview Antioxidants and Presen/atives. Immunoassays, Applications Food. Immunoassays, Techniques Luminescence Immunoassays. Kinetic Methods Principles and Instrumentation. Liquid Chromatography Food Applications. Proteins Foods. Vitamins Overview. 

See also Amperometry. Derivatization of Anaiytes. Food and Nutritional Analysis Meat and Meat Products Dairy Products. Liquid Chromatography Food Applications. Nitrogen. Polarography Inorganic Applications. Quality Assurance Primary Standards. Spectrophotometry Organic Compounds. Sulfur. Vitamins Fat-Soluble Water-Soluble. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma. Carbohydrates Sugars -Spectrophotometric Methods Starch. Food and Nutritional Analysis Oven/iew Antioxidants and Presen/atives Oils and Fats. Ion-Selective Electrodes Food Applications. Liquid Chromatography Amino Acids. Proteins Foods. Quality Assurance Quality Control. Sampling Theory. Vitamins Fat-Soluble Water-Soluble. Water Determination. 

See also Carbohydrates Overview. Elemental Speciation Overview. Food and Nutritional Analysis Overview. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Lipids Overview. Liquid Chromatography Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Food Applications. Mass Spectrometry Overview Principles Ionization Methods Overview Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques Eiectrospray Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/lonization Pyrolysis. Proteins Traditional Methods of Sequence Determination. Vitamins Overview. 

The use of solid-phase extraction cartridges is now well established in the analysis of clinical specimens. However, although this method provides efficient purification of the sample, it may lead to a loss of protein-bound vitamins. Direct injection of plasma samples into liquid chromatography (LC) columns is possible in some applications. Dilute filtered or centrifuged urine can be injected in certain LC applications, as is the case in urinary riboflavin assay. 

See also Bioassays Overview Microbial Tests Bioautography. Blood and Plasma. Fluorescence Clinical and Drug Applications Food Applications. Food and Nutritional Analysis Dairy Products. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Immunoassays, Techniques Enzyme Immunoassays. Liquid Chromatography Normal Phase Reversed Phase Food Applications. Microbiological Techniques. Radiochemical Methods Food and Environmental Applications. Vitamins Fat-Soluble. 

Albert, K. Schlotterbeck, G. Tseng, L.-H. Braumann, U. Application of on-line capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry coupling for the analysis of vitamin A derivatives. 

Leporati, A., CateUani, D., Suman, M., Andreoli, R., Manini, R, and Niessen, W. M. A. 2005. Application of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to the analysis of water-soluble vitamins in Italian pasta. Anal. Chim. Acta 531 87-95. 

Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful technique. It is used for various applications, often involving the detection and identification of chemicals in a complex mixture. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Evaluation and Applications in Food Analysis presents a unique collection of up-to-date UPLC-MS/MS methods for the separation and quantitative determination of components, contaminants, vitamins, and aroma and flavor compounds in a wide variety of foods and food products. 

Marsz l, M.L., Lebiedzihska, A., Czarnowski, W Makarowski, R Klos, M., and Szefer, P. (2009) Application of the high-performance liquid chromatography method with coulometric detection for determination of vitamin B6 in human plasma and serum. J. Chromatogr. B, 877 (27), 3151-3158. 

Although gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is one of the most widely used separation techniques to date, its application in Bg vitamer analysis has been hampered by the high polarity of these compounds (151). The presence of polar groups in vitamin Bg compounds tends to keep them from being volatile enough for GLC. Nevertheless, GLC of a variety of Bg vitamer derivatives, including acetates, trimethylsilyl ethers, benzyl ethers, and isopropylidene derivatives, have been reported (151,152). GLC of the fully acetylated derivatives of vitamin Bg is suitable for the separation and quantification of the three unphosphorylated Bg vitamers (152). 

Pantothenic acid, its salts, and panthenol as such are not volatile enough for direct gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). However, it is possible to use this chromatographic technique after derivatization of the polar hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of the vitamin (23,38,72,73,75-79). The majority of the developed methods are, however, applicable only to relatively pure and simple samples such as multivitamin preparations, and certain biological samples, such as urine (75-77). Only a few methods are suitable for the determination of the vitamin in complex matrices such as foods. An overview of methods was given by Velisek et al. (5). 

Liquid chromatography (LC) has become a useful tool in food analysis to ascertain food quality, to implement regulatory enforcement, or to comply with national and international food standards. LC is chosen for multiple applications because it can be applied to a wide range of different samples, allows separation of compounds ranging from ions to biopolymers, and employs mild separation conditions, such as low temperature, thus precluding the thermal decomposition of unstable compounds, such as vitamins or pol)q)henols. LC also provides good sensitivity, resolution, and selectivity. 

The more recent applications of open-column chromatography in fat-soluble vitamin assays utilize liquid-solid (adsorption) chromatography using gravity-flow glass columns dry-packed with magnesia, alumina, or silica gel. Such columns enable separations directly comparable with those obtained by thin-layer chromatography to be carried out rapidly on a preparative scale. 

Normal-phase sorbents such as silica and Florisil are used to isolate low to moderate polarity species from nonaqueous solutions. Examples of applications include lipid classification, plant pigment separations, and separations of fat-soluble vitamins from lipid extracts, as well as the clean-up of organic solvent concentrates obtained from a previous SPE method or liquid-liquid extraction. Alumina is used to remove polar species from nonaqueous solutions. Examples include vitamins in feeds and food and antibiotics and other additives from feed. Normal-phase chromatography has been used for a number of years, and most applications for normal-phase column chromatography may be easily transferred over to normal-phase SPE. 

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