Solvent water and alcohol

In the case of HOO (and t-BuOO ), the general leveling of nucleophilic reactivity by protic solvents (water and alcohols) enhances its lifetime such that the net reactions for HOO with electrophilic substrates usually are most efficient and complete in H2O or t-BuOOH. Almost all other solvents react with HOO or facilitate its decomposition. The relative lifetime of HOO in various solvents is in the order H2O MeOH > Eton diglyme > pyridine PEGM 350 ) > MeCN > DMF DMSO. ... 

Types of Solvent.—In order that a particular solvent may permit a substance dissolved in it to behave as an acid, the solvent itself ifiust be a base, or proton acceptor. A solvent of this kind is said to be proto-philic in character instances of protophilic solvents are water and alcohols, acetone, ether, liquid ammonia, amines and, to some extent, formic and acetic acids. On the other hand, solvents which permit the manifestation of basic properties by a dissolved substance must be proton donors, or acidic such solvents arc protogenic in nature. Water and alcohols arc examples of such solvents, but the most marked protogenic solvents are those of a strongly acidic character, e.g., pure acetic, formic and sulfuric acids, and liquid hydrogen chloride and fluoride. Certain solvents, water and alcohols, in particular, are amphiprotic, for they can act both as proton donors and acceptors these solvents permit substances to show both acidic and basic properties, whereas a purely protophilic solvent, e.g., ether, or a completely protogenic one, e.g., hydrogen fluoride, would permit the manifestation of either acidic or basic functions only. In addition to the types of solvent already considered, there is another class which can neither supply nor take up protons these are called aprotic solvents, and their neutral character makes them especially useful when it is desired to study the interaction of an acidic and a basic substance without interference by the solvent. 

In addition to the common polar solvents water and alcohols, acetonitrile [221e, 227, 228] and dioxane [242]... 

Nucleophilic solvents (water and alcohols) compete in the reaction with any other nucleophile used. 

Alternatively, the following procedure for isolating the glycol may be used. Dilute the partly cooled mixture with 250 ml. of water, transfer to a distilling flask, and distil from an oil bath until the temperature reaches 95°. Transfer the hot residue to an apparatus for continuous extraction with ether (e.g.. Fig. II, 44, 2). The extraction is a slow process (36-48 hours) as the glycol is not very soluble in ether. (Benzene may also be employed as the extraction solvent.) Distil off the ether and, after removal of the water and alcohol, distil the glycol under reduced pressure from a Claisen flask. 

Because acetylene is a far weaker acid than water and alcohols these substances are not suitable solvents for reactions involving acetylide ions Acetylide is instantly converted to acetylene by proton transfer from compounds that contain —OH groups... 

Organohthium and organomagnesium compounds are stable species when prepared m suitable solvents such as diethyl ether They are strongly basic however and react instantly with proton donors even as weakly acidic as water and alcohols A proton is transferred from the hydroxyl group to the negatively polarized carbon of the organometallic compound to form a hydrocarbon... 

Lithium aluminum hydnde reacts violently with water and alcohols so it must be used m solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran Following reduc tion a separate hydrolysis step is required to liberate the alcohol product... 

W-type inks use water, or mixtures of water and alcohol, as the solvent. Inks which are not of a recognized type are classified as X-type. The solvent required is specific to the ink formula and the ink maker makes proper recommendations. 

Aluminum chloride dissolves readily in chlorinated solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and carbon tetrachloride. In polar aprotic solvents, such as acetonitrile, ethyl ether, anisole, nitromethane, and nitrobenzene, it dissolves forming a complex with the solvent. The catalytic activity of aluminum chloride is moderated by these complexes. Anhydrous aluminum chloride reacts vigorously with most protic solvents, such as water and alcohols. The ability to catalyze alkylation reactions is lost by complexing aluminum chloride with these protic solvents. However, small amounts of these "procatalysts" can promote the formation of catalyticaHy active aluminum chloride complexes. 

Amine oxides used in industry are prepared by oxidation of tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide solution using either water or water and alcohol solution as a solvent. A typical industrial formulation is as follows ... 

Sohd, water-soluble a-hydroxycarboxyhc acid and oxaUc acid titanium complexes can be formed by reaction of the acid and a tetraaLkyl titanate in an inert solvent, such as acetone or heptane. The precipitated complex is filtered, rinsed with solvent, and dried to give an amorphous white soHd, which is water- and alcohol—water-soluble (81,82). 

Benzotricbloride [(tricblorometbyl)benzene, a,a,a-trichlorotoluene, phenylchloroform], C H CCl, is a colorless, oily Hquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but it reacts with water and alcohol. For ben zotricbl oride the flash point is 127°C (Cleveland open cup) and the autoignition temperature is 211°C (8). 

They show good to excellent resistance to highly aromatic solvents, polar solvents, water and salt solutions, aqueous acids, dilute alkaline solutions, oxidative environments, amines, and methyl alcohol. Care must be taken in choice of proper gum and compound. Hexafluoropropylene-containing polymers are not recommended for use in contact with ammonia, strong caustic (50% sodium hydroxide above 70°C), and certain polar solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone and low molecular weight esters. However, perfluoroelastomers can withstand these fluids. Propylene-containing fluorocarbon polymers can tolerate strong caustic. 

In general, pyridazine can be compared with pyridine. It is completely miscible with water and alcohols, as the lone electron pairs on nitrogen atoms are involved in formation of hydrogen bonds with hydroxylic solvents, benzene and ether. Pyridazine is insoluble in ligroin and cyclohexane. The solubility of pyridazine derivatives containing OH, SH and NH2 groups decreases, while alkyl groups increase the solubility. Table 1 lists some physical properties of pyridazine. 

Dimethyl carbonate [616-38-5] M 90.1, m 4.65", b 90-91", d 1.070, n 1.369. Contains small amounts of water and alcohol which form azeotropes. Stood for several days in contact with Linde type 4A molecular sieves, then fractionally distd. The middle fraction was frozen slowly at 2°, several times, retaining 80% of the solvent at each cycle. 

In the discussion of the relative acidity of carboxylic acids in Chapter 1, the thermodynamic acidity, expressed as the acid dissociation constant, was taken as the measure of acidity. It is straightforward to determine dissociation constants of such adds in aqueous solution by measurement of the titration curve with a pH-sensitive electrode (pH meter). Determination of the acidity of carbon acids is more difficult. Because most are very weak acids, very strong bases are required to cause deprotonation. Water and alcohols are far more acidic than most hydrocarbons and are unsuitable solvents for generation of hydrocarbon anions. Any strong base will deprotonate the solvent rather than the hydrocarbon. For synthetic purposes, aprotic solvents such as ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethoxyethane (DME) are used, but for equilibrium measurements solvents that promote dissociation of ion pairs and ion clusters are preferred. Weakly acidic solvents such as DMSO and cyclohexylamine are used in the preparation of strongly basic carbanions. The high polarity and cation-solvating ability of DMSO facilitate dissociation... 

Solubility limits depend on the stabilization generated by solute-solvent interactions balanced against the destabilization that occurs when solvent-solvent interactions are dismpted by solute. Thus, we must examine intermolecular interactions involving water and alcohol molecules. 

The microgels could be conveniently isolated by precipitation as white powders, readily redispersable in many different organic solvents such as dialkylamides, nitriles, dichloromethane, acetone and THF. Further to this, the DMAA-based microgels exhibited a rather amphiphilic character and were also soluble in water and in alcohols such as methanol or ethanol in contrast, their counterparts based on MMA turned out to be more lipophilic and therefore insoluble in water and alcohols but soluble in organic solvents of low polarity such as toluene. 

V. E. Ignateva, A. G. Telin, N. I. Khisamutdinov, S. V. Safronov, V. N. Artemev, and Y. A. Ermilov. Composition for oil extraction—contains hydrocarbon- or alcohol-containing solvent, water and vat residue from production of glycerine or ethylene glycol. Patent RU 2065941-C, 1996. 

We hoped to define conditions that would allow us to use toluene as solvent for the reaction. The toluene solution of 8 could be taken directly into the dehydrogenation following distillation to remove water and alcohol solvents. The boiling point of toluene was suitable for the thermolysis but silylation in toluene was very slow. 

Long, F. A. Ballinger, P, Acid ionization constants of alcohols in the solvents water and deuterium oxide, in Pesce, B. (ed.), Electrolytes, Pergamon Press, New York, 1962, pp. 152-164. 

Mentus S, Maroncelli M (1998) Solvation and the excited-state tautomerization of 7-azaindole and 1-azacarbazole computer simulations in water and alcohol solvents. J Phys Chem A 102 3860-3876... 

Solubility (g/lOOg solvent) Insoluble in water and dilute mineral acids. Soluble in organic solvents, oils and alcohol. 

Solubility Decomposes in water and alcohol soluble in organic solvents EPA1986... 

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