Vitamines overview

Chromatography Amino Acids Food Appiications. Mass Spectrometry Eiectrospray. Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. Pesticides. Proteins Foods. Sweeteners. Vitamins Overview. 

Overview. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic Polyurethanes. Quality Assurance Quality Control Instrument Calibration Interlaboratory Studies Reference Materials Production of Reference Materials Method Validation Accreditation Clinical Applications Water Applications. Sample Handling Comminution of Samples Sample Preservation Automated Sample Preparation Robotics. Sampling Theory Practice. Solvents. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Overview Applications. Vitamins Overview Fat-Soluble. 

See also Amino Acids. Electrophoresis Proteins. Food and Nutritional Analysis Overview Antioxidants and Presen/atives. Immunoassays, Applications Food. Immunoassays, Techniques Luminescence Immunoassays. Kinetic Methods Principles and Instrumentation. Liquid Chromatography Food Applications. Proteins Foods. Vitamins Overview. 

See also Carbohydrates Sugars - Spectrophotometric Methods Sugars - Chromatographic Methods. Clinical Analysis Overview. Forensic Sciences Systematic Drug Identification. Liquid Chromatography Amino Acids. Vitamins Overview Fat-Soluble Water-Soluble. 

See also Carbohydrates Overview. Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Food and Nutritional Analysis Sample Preparation Antioxidants and Preservatives Mycotoxins Oils and Fats. Lip-Ids Overview. Peptides. Proteins Overview. Toxins Mycotoxins Neurotoxins. Vitamins Overview Fat-Soluble Water-Soluble. 

See also Carbohydrates Overview. Elemental Speciation Overview. Food and Nutritional Analysis Overview. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Lipids Overview. Liquid Chromatography Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Food Applications. Mass Spectrometry Overview Principles Ionization Methods Overview Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques Eiectrospray Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/lonization Pyrolysis. Proteins Traditional Methods of Sequence Determination. Vitamins Overview. 

An excellent overview of vitamin analytics is available (13). Specifications for the vitamins are available for food use (14) and pharmaceutical use (15). 

Vitamin K represents two groups of substances named phylloquinones (vitamin Kl produced by plants) and menaquinones-n (MK-n vitamin K2). Menaquinones are synthesized by bacteria, using repeated 5-carbon units in the molecules side chain, n stands for the number of 5-carbon units. Interestingly, MK-4 is synthesized only in small amounts by bacteria but can be produced by animals (including humans) from phylloquinones and is found in a number of organs. For an overview see [1, 2],... 

Supplementation with high doses of vitamin K1 (1 mg/day for 14 days) or MK-4 (45 mg/day) resulted in decreased levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and increase of bone formation markers and in a significant reduction in bone loss, respectively. Using such high doses, any kind of effects besides vitamin K can not yet be ruled out and have to be further elucidated by long term studies. An overview can be found in a review by Palacios [4]. 

The above scientific information on rice bran phytochemicals indicates that a multitude of mechanisms are operating at the cellular level to bring about specific health effects. Several health benefits of rice bran appear to be the result of the synergistic function of the many phytochemicals, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals which operates through a specific immune response. Their role in the biochemical mechanisms at the cellular level which result in major health effects is shown in Fig. 17.1. A short overview summarizing the effect of the various phytochemicals on major health issues such as cancer, immune function, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, altered liver function and gastrointestinal and colon disease will be given below. 

The photochemistry of vitamin D and its various isomers has been reviewed comprehensively many times129,171,172,207,226, but as it lies at the very heart of hexatriene/cyclo-hexadiene photochemistry, it seems fitting to provide a very brief overview of the salient features here. 

In addition to the references after each Chapter, many of the articles in early editions of Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, Advances in Enzymology, Advances in Protein Chemistry, International Reviews of Cytology, Physiological Reviews, Vitamins Hormones, and other review serials, refer to specific topics considered in the text. Most of the articles we have cited give an overview of the topics. Where these are available many individual references have been omitted. 

Many reviews [404-406] and book chapters [407-409] have been published on vitamins analysis by HPLC. The aim of this chapter is not to be an exhaustive review of vitamin analyses, but just an overview of the possible applications of HPLC in this field. The attention has been focused on studies done in the last 10 years. 

Spinneker, A., Sola, R., Lemmen, V, Castillo, M. J., Pietrzik, K., Gonzalez-Gross, M. (2007). Vitamin B6 status, deficiency and its consequences-an overview. Nutr. Hosp., 22, 7-24. 

DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 80 (Suppl) 1689S-1696S. 

Vitamins and minerals are not considered medications, but these substances are essential for maintaining physiologic function and homeostasis throughout the body. Many individuals consume these substances to compliment other medications and to help promote optimal health. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to address all the pertinent issues related to vitamin and mineral metabolism. Nonetheless, a brief overview of these substances and their use as dietary supplements is provided here and summarized in Tables 38-2 and 38-3. Readers are also referred to other sources for a more detailed discussion of vitamins and minerals.4,55 76... 

The five articles comprising this volume were contributed by international scientists and edited by a Board of International Editors. A scan of the table of contents indicates the wide ranging subject matter presented. The fields of instrumentation analysis, metabolism, nutritional biochemistry, and immunology in its several phases have been presented. Two basic approaches for presentation have been used. The first approach is an in depth consideration of a specific subject, which is exemplified by the article on the clinical chemistry of vitamin B12. The second approach is an overview of an extensive field of active research as represented by the article on immune complexes. All of the articles comprising this volume reflect permutations on these approaches. 

Vitamin D, along with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, plays a primary role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the body. Intensive research efforts over the past several years have elucidated a role for vitamin D in many other physiological processes as well. The biological actions of this seco-steroid are mediated primarily through the action of its polar metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (l,25(OH)2D3). There is emerging evidence that l,25(OH)2D3 has many more target tissues than those involved in its classical role in the control of mineral metabolism. In addition, some of the actions of l,25(OH)2D3 may be mediated by mechanisms other than the classical steroid-receptor interaction. In this chapter we will provide a brief overview of the multiple actions of vitamin D3 and the pleiotropic mechanisms by which these actions are accomplished. 

Biocatalytic asymmetric oxidations were developed very early for key steps in the production of vitamin C [9] and steroid hormones [10] and for a series of applications in organic synthesis [8], as illustrated in Figure 20.2. The use of biocatalysts in oxidation reactions is growing [11-15] and the inherent chirality of the enzymes enables a wide variety of biocatalytic asymmetric oxidations, an overview of which is given in the next six sections. 

---