Soil copper

In addition to all of the expected enzyme systems present in leaf tissue, fresh tea leaves contain a high level of polyphenol oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of the catechins by atmospheric oxygen. Tea polyphenol oxidase exists as series of copper-containing (0.32%) isoenzymes. The major component has a molecular weight of about 144,000.54 The enzyme is concentrated in the leaf epidermis.55 Soil copper deficiency is sometimes responsible for inadequate oxidation during processing.56... 

Dissolved organic carbon and plant- or microbe- produced phytosiderophores increase the solubility of most trace elements in arid and semi-arid soils. This is especially important in arid regions. High pH increases the solubility of organic matter as dissolved organic carbon in arid soils. Copper, lead and nickel have a strong tendency to form complexes, while Cd complexes are weaker. Zinc, cobalt and manganese are... 

Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis-, 4-year-old trees M3 extractable soil copper >60 mg/kg DW (from treated plots containing about 120 kg Cu/ha) Growth adversely affected positive correlation between copper concentrations in feeder roots (4 to 450 mg Cu/kg DW) and M3 extractable soil copper 17... 

McLaren and Crawford (1973) studied the fractionation of soil copper and proposed that it could occur in soils in several forms, namely ... 

Materials such as metals, alloys, steels and plastics form the theme of the fourth chapter. The behavior and use of cast irons, low alloy carbon steels and their application in atmospheric corrosion, fresh waters, seawater and soils are presented. This is followed by a discussion of stainless steels, martensitic steels and duplex steels and their behavior in various media. Aluminum and its alloys and their corrosion behavior in acids, fresh water, seawater, outdoor atmospheres and soils, copper and its alloys and their corrosion resistance in various media, nickel and its alloys and their corrosion behavior in various industrial environments, titanium and its alloys and their performance in various chemical environments, cobalt alloys and their applications, corrosion behavior of lead and its alloys, magnesium and its alloys together with their corrosion behavior, zinc and its alloys, along with their corrosion behavior, zirconium, its alloys and their corrosion behavior, tin and tin plate with their applications in atmospheric corrosion are discussed. The final part of the chapter concerns refractories and ceramics and polymeric materials and their application in various corrosive media. 

Scott Fordsmand JJ, Krogh PH, Weeks JM. 2000. Responses of Folsomiafimetaria (Collembola Isotomidae) to copper under different soil copper contamination histories in relation to risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 19 1297-1303. 

Nieminen TM. Effects of soil copper and nickel on survival and growth of Scots pine. JEnviron Monit 2004 6(11) 888—96. 

Weeks, J.M. and Svendsen, C. (1996) Neutral red retention by lysosomes from earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) coelomocytes a simple biomarker of exposure to soil copper. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 1801-1805. 

The three fields (A, B and C) clearly demonstrated a trend in contamination levels for most metals, both for total and pore water concentrations (Table 9.2). Chromium concentrations were above the intervention values (IV) for soil. Copper and zinc concentrations were slightly lower than the IV, still indicating significant contamination. Soil pH was similar at all locations, but organic matter content was higher for field C, corresponding to the former inlet of the sewage. 

Sauve, S., Cook, N., Hendershot, W.H., McBride, M.B., 1996. Linking plant tissue concentrations and soil copper pools in urban contaminated soils. Environ. Poll. 94(2), 153-157. 

Copper is widely used in veterinary medical products. Copper sulfate is used by veterinarians to treat cattle and sheep for helminthiasis and infectious pododermatitis. Cuprol (a 1% solution of cupric oleinate) is used to control lice. Copper is routinely used as a growth supplement in the diets of swine Sus sp.) in the United Kingdom and elsewhere diets may contain as much as 250.0 mg Cu/kg ration. The intensity of pig fanning within about 10 km from the coast may influence copper content in estuarine sediments. For example, intensive pig farming in coastal Brittany, France, increased soil copper concentrations by 0.6kg/ha aimually and increased coastal sediment copper concentrations to as high as 49.6 mg/kg DW. 

Among sensitive species of terrestrial invertebrates, earthworms show disrupted enzyme activities at whole body concentrations as low as 28.5 mg Cu/kg DW. Soil copper concentrations between 53.0 and 100.0 mg/kg DW kill soil nematodes and soil faunal communities and cause a reduction in cocoon production of earthworms. Diets that contain between 50.0 and 63.0 mg Cu/kg ration inhibit development and reproduction in gypsy moths and oribatid mites. The wood louse (Porcellio scaber), an isopod, is proposed as a bioindicator of copper contamination in terrestrial ecosystems because whole body concentrations seem to reflect copper loadings in the isopod s immediate environment. More research is recommended on isopods and other sentinel organisms. 

Soft aluminum Soil copper or brass Iron or soft steel Monel or 446-6% chrome Stainless steels... 

Dietary copper intake is approximately 1-2 mg/day. Quoted copper contents of foods are unreliable. While some foods, such as meats and shellfish, have consistently high concentrations, others such as dairy produce are consistently low in copper. However, the copper content of cereals and fruits varies greatly with soil copper content and the method of food preparation. Estimates of copper intake should include water copper content, and the permitted upper copper concentration for drinking water is 2mg L. Approximately 10% of dietary copper is absorbed in the upper intestine, transported in the blood loosely bound to albnmin, certain amino acids and peptides. Finally, most of the ingested copper is taken np by the liver. Copper homeostasis is critically dependent on the liver becanse this organ provides the only physiologically relevant mechanism for excretion of this metal. 

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