Verification of the Hypothesis

The experimental support for the verification of the hypothesis will require a long time. For testing it, another way is to suppose that it is true and examine its implications [12], Three points were considered. If it is true (i) for given experimental conditions, the use of diamines, too large for ensuring the three dimensional connection of the SBU, must lead to lamellar solids, the sheets being built up from the connection of the expected SBU. This was realized with ULM-8 [62] (ii) with a proper choice of the geometry, the acidobasic characteristics and the reactivity of an amine, it may be possible to synthesize tailor-made solids. The first success concerned ULM-16 [24] which used two amines, one for structure... 

A final point of interest is that in each of the above cases the rate constants in the intermediate region also responded to inert gases such as He, N2, CO, and CO2, so that the falling off in the observed rates could be prevented by the addition of one of those gases. This is a rather striking verification of the hypothesis of collisional activation and one that has been long sought. ... 

Table 5 deals with the example of a benzisoquino-line hydrochloride for which both forms presented a melting that was followed by decomposition. No change was observed by slow heating rate. Since the melting enthalpies differed only by 10%, the proper interpretation needed the verification of the hypothesis enantiotropic transition. The analysis of the insoluble solid in the equilibration of both forms in alcohols (solvent mediated transition) showed that form A is always obtained, what confirmed the observation of the Burger s rule. 

When deposition of emulsion drops is investigated, sedimentation can be neglected so that the first term in Eq. (10.27) dominates even at strong retardation. Retardation of the surface becomes less efficient with increasing bubble dimensions and, respectively, Reynolds number. Therefore, the experimental verification of the hypothesis of incomplete retardation of the surface at intermediate Reynolds numbers is of interest. A maximum removal of impurities fi om the water used is important in such experiments. 

Environmental benefits of Emission Controls. Information in Figure 5 illustrate that the emission of sulphur in eastern North America has declined over the past decade. This decline allows for a possible verification of the dose-response relationships on which the environmental concerns for emissions have been based. A decline in sulphate deposition in Nova Scotia has apparently resulted in a decrease in acidity of eleven rivers over the period 1971-73 to 1981-82 (47), In the Sudbury, Ontario area where emissions have dechned by over 50% between 1974-76 and 1981-83, a resurvey of 209 lakes shows that most lakes have now become less acidic. Twenty-one lakes that had a pH < 5.5 in 1974-76 showed an average decline in acidity of 0.3 pH units over the period (48), Surveys of 54 lakes in the Algoma region of Ontario have shown a rapid response to a decline in sulphate deposition. Two lakes without fish in 1979 have recovered populations as pH of the water moved above 5.5 (49). Evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis of benefits that were projected as a consequence of emission controls. This provides increased confidence in the projections. 

With the plant interview information, verification of the data, and the completion of the simple calculations, an experienced troubleshooter will develop a set of hypotheses for the root cause of the defect. After the hypotheses are established, a series of experiments need to be developed that accept or reject the hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is accepted via experimentation, then the next step is to develop a technical solution to remove the defect. Often more than one technical solution Is possible. The best technical solution will depend on the cost and time to implement the solution, machine owner acceptance, and the risk associated with the modified process. An accepted hypothesis must drive the technical solution. If a hypothesis is not accepted prior to developing a technical solution, then the troubleshooter may be working on the wrong problem and the defect may not be eliminated from the process. 

This set of working hypotheses can be used to guide explorations on how to make structure changes in other chemical species to influence water solubility. However, its reliability has to be tested, especially when extrapolated to materials that are far from these simple organic compounds. The verification also enlarges the database, and may lead to revisions of the hypothesis. 

Therefore, this is a statement of our fundamental hypothesis, specifically, that the topology of the vacuum defines the field equations through group and gauge field theory. Prior to the inference and empirical verification of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, there was no such concept in classical electrodynamics, the ether having been denied by Lorentz, Poincare, Einstein, and others. Our development of 0(3) electrodynamics in this chapter, therefore, has a well-defined basis in fundamental topology and empirical data. In the course of the development of... 

The Neber rearrangement of oxime sulfonates has been considered to proceed via a nitrene pathway or an anion pathway. If the latter mechanism is operative, the use of a certain chiral base might result in the discrimination of two enantiotropic a-protons to furnish optically active a-amino ketones. Verification of this hypothesis was provided by realizing the asymmetric Neber rearrangement of simple oxime sulfonate 83,... 

The ATP synthase is a reversible proton-translocating ATP ase The initial experiments which were important for the verification of the chemiosmotic hypothesis were those which showed that the complex was an autonomous proton pump when hydrolyzing ATP, and which showed that an artificial A/a could cause the ATP synthase to generate ATP. Thus, if a limiting amount of ATP is injected into an anaerobic mitochondrial incubation a net expulsion of protons is observed, followed by a decay which is accelerated by proton translocators [15]. Less complications arise if the experiment is repeated with inverted sub-mitochondrial... 

Suspended particles are in a constant state of motion, called Brownian motion after Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist who used a microscope to observe the motion of pollen particles in water. Brownian motion resnlts from the constant random buffeting of the particles by solvent molecnles. In 1905, Albert Einstein showed how the motion of Brownian particles conld be described on a microscopic level his work provided one of the most striking and convincing verifications of the molecnlar hypothesis and of the kinetic theory of matter and led to a fairly accnrate determination of Avogadro s nnmber. 

Several authors [39,47-53] considered a more realistic hypothesis taking into account the long-range interactions between the adsorbed species, that is, the verification of the Frumkin isotherm. The mathematical relations, however, were obtained only for reversible processes [39,51,52],... 

Figure 18.2 Verification of the ultimate gain hypothesis for various pulse heights J — stable gain and 2 — gain = 4.2.

It is generally accepted that SnI solvolysis rates for a series of similar compounds under similar conditions reflect directly the stability of their carbocationoid intermediates. However, the lack of reliable experimental data for stabilities of carbenium ions prevented verification of this hypothesis for a long time. Several approaches at various levels of sophistication were advanced to estimate these ion stabilities their strain was estimated via empirical correlations with IR-stretching frequencies of the respective carbonyl groups, and non-bonded interactions from molecular models or, subsequently, by empirical force-field calculations. " ... 

Throughout the semester, the class reads chapters 1 to 10 of Robert Hazen s book and submit chapter summaries which are discussed in class. The book helps students understand the current state of research, and develop an understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of the research, the process of scientific inquiry, the importance of data and experimental verification of a hypothesis, and the highs and lows of scientific research. 

It is certain that some adsorbent-sample combinations resultjnxheihical interaction or bond formation between a reactive sample gfbtlp and a-corresponding adsorbent site. If a solvent molecule is also-capable of chemical interaction with the same adsorbent site, then that solvent should appear to be abnormally strong with respect to the given sample. Some workers have extended this principle to predict, for example, that alcohols are stronger solvents for alcohol samples, amines for amine. samples, etc. No verification of this hypothesis has yet been reported, particularly where other secondary elfects (as well as primary solvent effects) have been taken into account. However, some related secondary solvent effects, which arise from the preferential adsorption of certain samples and solvents onto particular adsorbent sites, have b n observed. 

Template size- or function-specific transport channels had been proposed as an additional effect contributing to MIP membrane s transport selectivity [1]. The verification of this hypothesis will require further systematic investigations. Note, however, that an analogous template effect for implementing size selectivity is well-known for zeoliths [9]. 

Specified that way, the limiting cases are those near complete falsification or verification of a hypothesis — hardly a specification that can be met in the empirical world of experience. 

X-ray diffraction methods have provided the detailed structures of the reaction centers from two carotenoid-containing puiple photosynthetic bacterial species, Rhodopseudomonas viridis [1] and Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild type strain 2.4.1 [2]. The coordinates of these structures indicate that the reaction center-bound carotenoid is located in the M subunit, close ( 4A) to the accessory bacteriochlorophyll monomer on the M subunit side and -lO.SA edge-to-edge distance from the primary donor. These structures suggest an involvement of the M-side monomeric bacteriochlorophyll in triplet-triplet energy transfer, but there has been no direct experimental verification of this hypothesis. 

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