Vehicle classification

The CVs are classified into motor vehicles or trucks lorries with two, three or four axles articulated trucks or tractors with three, four, five or six axles road trains with four, five or six axles and articulated trains with seven, eight or nine axles. 

The maximum gross weight of each vehicle and the load distribution per axle type depend on the number, type of axles and distances between axles. 

The maximum authorised vehicle gross weight legislated in the EU (Directive 96/53/EC 1996, Directive 2002/7/EC 2002) and recommended in United States, together with an indicative load distribution per axle type, is given in Table 12.2. 

Needless to say, other countries outside the EU or the United States have imposed their own maximum permitted CV gross weights. 

Permitted maximum vehicle gross weight (tonnes) 

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In the following paragraphs, a detailed description will be given on how the traffic volume is converted to ESALs, giving first a detailed account to vehicular loads, vehicle classification and ways of measuring axle loads. Reference to the tyre parameters, such as contact... 

Apart from calculating the axial, tyre (wheel) and vehicle weight, WIM systems provide data such as vehicle speed, vehicle classification, axle spacing, wheelbase distance (front-most to rear-most axle), sequential vehicle record number, lane and direction of travel, date and time of passage, ambient temperature record or conversion to equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs). 

The classification of vehicles is carried out through various types of sensors, which are placed close to the weight sensor. The typical vehicle classification sensors include loops, piezo-electric cables, mechanical switches and tubes. 

The data storage and processing unit is placed at the roadside and in a protective cabinet. This unit is connected to the weight sensors, the vehicle classification sensor and the vehicle identification sensor. With the aid of software, it has the ability to present brief and analytical results. The data storage and processing unit also powers the WIM system the power is supplied by mains, rechargeable electric or solar batteries. 

With respect to traffic, the initial average daily number of heavy vehicles required is estimated, in descending order of accuracy, (a) from WIM surveys, (b) from vehicle classification counters or (c) from data obtained from single tube axle counters or manual traffic count surveys, together with an estimate of the proportion of heavy vehicles (two or more axle trucks, three or more axle rigid vehicles or articulated vehicles or six or more road trains for details, see Table 7.1 in Austroads 2012). 

Figure 1. Auxiliary power requirements by vehicle classification...

Liposomes represent an important class of carrier vehicles other than polymers for drug delivery. This paper provides an introduction and general review of liposomes with emphasis on their classifications, their constituent materials, their preparation and characterizaton, and their stability and biodistribution in the body. Liposomes with specific characteristics are also described in this general introduction. 

Process Facilities 15 Area electrical classification 16 Accessibility for mechanical integrity (sampling, maintenance, repairs) 17 Protection of piping and vessels from vehicles and forklifts 18 Protection of small-bore lines, fittings from external impact, personnel 19 Routing of process piping, critical controls cable trays, critical utilities 20 Vent, drain, and relief valve discharge locations... 

Woodard, L.F., Surface Chemistry and Classification of Vaccine Adjuvants and Vehicles, in Bacterial Vaccines, A. Mizrahi, ed., Alan R. Liss, New York, 281, 1990. 

Under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), the U.S. EPA evaluates the potential for people to be exposed to more than one pesticide at a time from a group of chemicals with an identified common mechanism of toxicity. As part of the examinations, to clarify whether some or all of the pyrethroids share a common mechanism of toxicity, a comparative FOB (functional observational battery) studies with 12 pyrethroids were carried out under standardized conditions [15]. The FOB was evaluated at peak effect time following oral administration of non-lethal doses of pyrethroids to rats using com oil as vehicle. Four principal components were observed in the FOB data [22], Two of these components described behaviors associated with CS syndrome (lower body temperature, excessive salivation, impaired mobility) and the others described behaviors associated with the T syndrome (elevated body temperature, tremor myoclonus). From the analysis, pyrethroids can be divided into two main groups (Type I T syndrome and Type II CS syndrome) and a third group (Mixed Type) that did not induce a clear typical response. Five other pyrethroids were also classified by an FOB study conducted in the same manner [16]. The results of these classifications are shown in Table 1. The FOB results for all non-cyano pyrethroids were classified as T syndrome, and the results of four ot-cyano pyrethroids were classified as CS syndrome however, three of the ot-cyano pyrethroids, esfenvalerate, cyphenothrin, and fenpropathrin, were classified as Mixed Type. 

The three generic classifications of hydrogen storage materials are reversible metal hydrides, non-reversible chemical hydrides, and adsorbent materials. Reversible metal hydride materials and adsorbents can be recharged with hydrogen without removing them from the vehicle, while non-reversible chemical hydride materials must be removed from the vehicle in order to be recharged. 

The alchemists went a step further in their classification of things. They asserted that there is One Thing present in all things that everything is a vehicle for the more or less perfect exhibition of the properties of the One Thing that there is a Primal Element... 

Increasing the concentration increases the penetration, but not to the same degree. Solubility of the corticosteroid in the vehicle is an other determinant of absorption and efficacy. So different formulations of the same corticosteroid can end up in a different efficacy classification. Efficacy can be further augmented by using the corticosteroid under occlusion. Occlusion with plastic enhances penetration and also absorption. However, with increased absorption also the risk of systemic side-effects increases. Systemic absorption will suppress the pituitary-adrenal axis and may cause Cushing s syndrome and a plethora of other adverse events (see Chapter 24, Section Il.b). Even small amounts absorbed may already cause growth retardation in children. 

Refrigeration is used in trucks, truck/trailers, intermodal containers, railcars, and ships. The majority of refrigerated vehicles fall into one of three refrigeration classifications (/) 0 to 4°C, perishable produce (2) —2 to 0°C, fresh meats and (3) —43 to —17° C, frozen foods. Although the basic principles of the Rankine cycle apply to transport refrigeration, it has unique methods for powering the compression process. 

The increase in the number of performance classifications for passenger car and commercial diesel grades has accelerated dramatically from the 1930s (when 3 classifications were in place) through the 1980s (with over 25 active classifications in US and Europe). This increased complexity reflects the diverse market of vehicles and the specific performance requirements demanded by OEMs. 

Japanese vehicle manufacturers. In general, they have relied on the API classification system to recommend engine oils for service-fill applications. There is a parallel with Europe (CEC) in the Japanese Automobile Standards Organization JASO they have developed four engine test procedures without giving pass/fail limits. The parallel is not complete because neither within nor outside Japan do the vehicle manufacturers require any of these tests to be run to meet their own specifications. 

Halobetasol propionate is a class I topical corticosteroid, or an ultrapotent corticosteroid according the Stoughton classification system which is widely used in United States. Halobetasol propionate has been approved in the United States for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. In a number of clinical studies, halobetasol propionate cream and ointment have both been tested against vehicle and compared with other ultrapotent corticosteroids [43]. 

The measurement of major (by SEM-EDS), minor and trace (by ICP-MS) elements is very important for discrimination and classification of samples into glass types. It is usually helpful to be able to classify the glass into a category such as sheet, container, vehicle window, vehicle headlamp or tableware. However, it is also necessary to apply statistical methods in the characterisation of glass evidence according to its elemental composition. 

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