Dependence types

Empirical descriptions tend to be of the simple rate-dependent type. As... 

The cytochalasins are a group of metabolites produced by certain fungi (e.g., Helminthosporium dermatoideum) that inhibit actin-dependent types of cell movement such as leukocyte locomotion, phagocytosis, cytokinesis, the retraction of... 

Annese V, Bassotti G, Caruso N, De Cosmo S, Gabbrielli A, Modoni S, et al Gastrointestinal motor dysfunction, symptoms, and neuropathy in noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999,29 171-177. 

Saito, T., Nishino, T., Differences in redox and kinetic properties between NAD-dependent and 02-dependent types of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989), p. 10015-10022... 

A framework can abstract the description of a generic type, a family of mutually dependent types, a collaboration, a refinement pattern, the modeling constructs themselves, and even a bundle of fundamental generic properties (associative, commutative, and so on). Frameworks are themselves built on other frameworks. At the most basic level, the structure of frameworks represents the basis for the organization of all models. 

Based on experimental data and analysis of sequences available from the databases, we can conclude that different routes for the translocation of iron across the cytoplasmic membrane are possible in bacteria. They can mediate the importation of ferrous iron, and of ferric iron, both in its ionic form and coupled to siderophores or haem. Three of the transport systems represent members of the binding protein-dependent type (a subfamily of ABC transporters or traffic ATPases) (see Section 6.3.2). 

Treatment of insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus when diet or weight control has failed to maintain satisfactory blood glucose levels or in event of fever, infection, surgery, ortrauma, or severe endocrine, hepatic, or renal dysfunction emergency treatment of ketoacidosis (regular insulin) to... 

It is a very potent sulfonylurea with long duration of action indicated in non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes, whenever blood sugar levels can not be controlled adequately by diet, physical exercise or reduction in body weight. 

The Schiff-base-forming types (class I) are known only for the two former aldolases (FruA, TagA), which are found usually in mammalian or (as an exception) in specific microbial organisms, whereas the Zn2+-dependent type (class II) comprises all four DHAP aldolases which are commonly found in bacteria [43], Typically, type I FruA enzymes are tetrameric proteins composed of subunits of 40 kDa [191,192], while the type II FruA are dimers of 39 kDa subunits [193]. RhuA and FucA enzymes are homotetrameric with a subunit molecular weight of 25 kDa and 30 kDa respectively [194,195],... 

The ex erimental results resented in the preceding chapter and in the literature are inconsistent with the assumptions and the physical interpretation implicit in the dual-mode model and strongly suggest that the sorption and transport in gas-glassy polymer systems should be represented by a concentration-dependent type model. 

Figure 6.15 Illustration oftime-dependent types of rheological behaviour.

Pugliese A. Unraveling the genetics of insulin-dependent type 1A diabetes the search must go on. Diabetes Rev 1999 7 39-54. 

So far, two types of aminomutase have been investigated in detail. Lysine 2,3-aminomutase from Clostridium subterminale SB4 is the example par excellence for the SAM-dependent type of aminomutase. Several other enzymes belonging to the same family are known. Examples are biotin synthase [82], pyruvate formate lyase [83, 84], and anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase [85]. 

M. (2002) Medium-dependent type selectivity in photoreactions of a crown ether-annelated dibenzobarrelene derivative. Organic Letters, 4 (19), 3247-3250. 

Autoimmune diseases have been reported to be more frequent in human subjects treated with several recombinant cytokines [38], For instance, increased titers or the new occurrence of autoantibodies have been observed in hepatitis C patients treated with the recombinant interferons-alpha (IFNa). Quite a few clinical case reports describe the development of organ-specific as well as systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients under IFNa therapy. Although the mechanism involved is not fully elucidated, the available data support the pathogenic potential of IFNa in autoimmunity [31]. In contrast, autoimmune effects associated with IFNp therapy are thought to be of lesser concern based on the current clinical evidence [38], Thyroid autoimmunity in contrast to other autoimmune diseases is frequent in patients treated with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Thus, among 281 previously euthyroid cancer patients treated with rIL-2, up to 41%... 

South Asian populations. People of South Asian origin in the UK have a high prevalence of coronary heart disease and stroke, central obesity (as evidenced by high waist-to-hip ratio), insulin resistance, non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes and hypertension (Cappuccio 1997 Kain et al. 2002 Bhopal et al. 2005). This increase in vascular risk seems to be partly a result of genetic susceptibility, such as high serum lipoprotein A levels, and partly dietary- and lifestyle-induced changes in lipid levels. 

C. R Kahn, D. Vicent, and A. Doria. Genetics of non-instilin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med, 47, 509-531, 1996. 

Amaya, Y., Yamazaki, X., Sato, M., Noda, K., Nishino, T., and Nishino, T., 1990, Proteolytic conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase from the NAD-dependent type to the Oi-dependent... 

Noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes is the prevalent form of diabetes mellitus found in populations chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic from the environment (Rahman et al, 1998 Tseng, 2002). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of internal organs and peripheral tissues that results in impaired glucose utilization, and, consequently, in abnormally high blood glucose levels between and especially after meals. Insulin resistance and P-cell dysfunction can be induced by chronic arsenic exposure and these defects may be responsible for arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus (Tseng, 2004). 

It can be seen from Table 2 that a large number of the naturally-occurring polyhydroxylated alkaloids are potent inhibitors of the various a-glucosidase-specific disaccharidases involved in mammalian digestion (e.g. sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, etc.,). These enzymes are expressed at the surface of the epithelial cells of the brush border in the small intestine. In the late 1970s it was realised that inhibitors of these enzymes, such as DNJ, could be used therapeutically in the oral treatment of the non-insulin-dependent (type n) diabetes mellitus. ... 

The archaea are known to comprise four quite distinct general phenotypes the methanogens, the extreme halophiles, a loosely defined thermophilic ( sulfur-dependent ) type, and thermophilic sulfate reducers [6]. In that these phenotypes will be thoroughly discussed in other chapters of this book, they will not be detailed here. The four major phenotypes do not correspond to four distinct taxa of equivalent rank, however. Phylogenetic relationships among the four are more complex than this, and suggest particular evolutionary relationships among the phenotypes. 

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