Speed, vehicle

F. Caracciolo and J.A. Spearot, "Engine Oil Phosphorus Effects of Catalytic Converter Performance in Federal Durability and High-Speed Vehicle Tests," Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No. 770637 (June, 1977). 

Apart from calculating the axial, tyre (wheel) and vehicle weight, WIM systems provide data such as vehicle speed, vehicle classification, axle spacing, wheelbase distance (front-most to rear-most axle), sequential vehicle record number, lane and direction of travel, date and time of passage, ambient temperature record or conversion to equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs). 

However, a new high-speed vehicle system for measuring longitudinal evenness in France has been reported. The vehicle consists of laser sensors, an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The vehicle is called MuLtiProfilometer, and information can be found in Martin et al. (2012). 

The second research question refers to the number of variables included in the models. As stated above, impact speed is the most important predictor for injury severity and mortality. However, it is known, for example, that fatality risk can be predicted more precisely using pedestrian age in addition to impact speed [6]. Thus, considering the spectrum of variables coded in the databases, it is important to identify potential explanatory variables beyond impact speed that could improve the predictive accuracy of the models. Possible explanatory variables include vehicle kinematics (e.g., collision speed), vehicle characteristics (e.g., height of the front bumper), and pedestrian physiology (e.g., age). 

This section describes some of the many electric microcars available in the market. These cars are also named quadricycles, in Europe, and low-speed vehicle (LSV) in the United States, with a specific definition of electric microcars as neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). More particularly, in Europe, quadricycles are categories of four-wheeled microcars defined by limitations in terms of weight, power and speed and are classified into light quadricycles and heavy quadricycles, both with a maximum speed of 50 km/h. In the United States, LSVs must have a top speed of 20-25 mph (32-40 km/h) and NEVs are limited to roads with posted speed limits as high as 45 mph (72 km/h) depending on the particular state laws they are usually built to have a top speed of 30 mph (48 km/h). 

It is possible to replace the air in inflatable tires by polyurethane foam. This is feasible for low-speed vehicles used in road construction, service equipment, snowplows, street sweepers, as well as many other applications. The two components are blended together to produce the resilient foam in the tire which is then not susceptible to flats or punctures, a feature which reduces downtime and tire replacement costs. Polyurethane foam (closed cell) has a thermal conductivity of 0.022 Wm and is usually covered with aluminum foil to reduce the heat loss due to the transmission of radiation. 

The role of speeding as a direct crash cause was probably first analyzed in a detailed and comprehensive manner by Treat et al (1977). In this study, described in detail in Chapter 17, a representative sample of more than 2,000 police-reported crashes was analyzed by crash investigators at the crash sites, and 420 of them were further analyzed by multidisciplinary teams. A cause was defined as an event or action whose absence would have prevented the crash, all other things being equal. Furthermore, a human cause was cited if the causal behavior was a deviation from the normal or expected behavior of the average driver. Thus, speed would not be cited in a crash of a speeding vehicle imless the speed deviated from the speed expected at that site under the conditions that prevailed and the crash would not have occurred had the speed been as expected. With this approach to causation, the study estimated excessive speed to be a definite cause in 7-8 percent of the crashes and a probable cause in an additional 13-16 percent of the crashes. 

Lugner, P., Horizontal Motion of Automobiles, Theoretical and Practical Investigations, Dynamics of High-Speed Vehicles, CISM Course no. 274, Springer-Verlag, 1982. 

Additives modify the paint vehicle or paint pigments (or both), for example, by improving the drying speed (vehicle), resistance to fading (pigment), or the ease of application. 

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