Lower body fat

I once personally (once Ya right ) pushed the envelope to see how much of this scientific data (most of which was available 15 years ago) could be validated in the real world. I suppressed my cortisol (chemically), increased anabolism (also chemically) and increased metabolism (of course chemically) for 30 days. I ingested protein (complete) levels based upon basal plus 20%, and ate 2.5g of carbs (mostly maltodextrin and veggies) per LB of bodyweight while allowing fats to fall where they may. 30 days later I was 33 LBS heavier with a slightly lower body fat level. Ya pretty cheesy, huh ... 

Adipose Tissue Androgens promote truncal-abdominal fat deposition and favor development of upper body obesity. In contrast to gluteofemoral (lower body) fat, upper body fat accumulation, particularly visceral fat, is characterized by an increase in fat cell size, increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, enhanced lipolysis, and reduced response to the antilipolytic effect of insulin. This explains why androgen-dominated states favor insulin resistance. 

Adipose Tissue Estrogenic states favor subcutaneous fat deposition in the gluteofemoral region (lower body) and promote lower body obesity. Current evidence suggests that a lower body fat pattern, or a low upper-lower body circumference ratio (referred to as gynoid ), is associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and may be due to the effect of estrogen on lipoprotein metabolism. 

The effect of caffeine on metabolic rate has been well documented. A significant increase of 2-12% in metabolic rate was observed with caffeine doses of 200-300 mg. It was concluded that EGCG and caffeine from the tea act synergistically to produce the thermogenic response and an increase in fat oxidation. It is clear that the consumption of oolong tea stimulates both EE and fat oxidation in normal-weight man. This raises the possibility that tea consumption could have some beneficial effect on an individual s ability to maintain a lower body fat content. ... 

Upper body fat deposition tends to occur more by hypertrophy of the existing cells, whereas lower body fat deposition is by differentiation of new fat cells (hyperplasia). This may partly explain why many women with lower body obesity have difficulty losing weight. 

The mechanisms whereby body fat distribution may be associated with diabetes independently of overall adiposity are still unresolved but the subject of intense research attention. Subjects with predominantly upper-body fat distribution are more insulin-resistant than subjects equally obese but with a fat distribution predominantly in the lower body. Upper body obesity is associated primarily with fat cell hypertrophy (increased adipocyte size) while lower body fat distribution is associated more with fat cell hyperplasia (increased number of adipocytes). As fat cells enlarge, they become more resistant to insulin. The adipose tissue, however, accounts for only about 5% of total body glucose disposal, so that insulin resistance in this tissue alone should not account for significant increases in total body insulin... 

In Eigure 1, the lower edge of the drawing is the flesh side of the hide. The hide, as it is removed from an animal, has body fat and a thin membrane separating the hide from the fat and flesh of the body of the animal. The area near the inside of the hide is made up of the heaviest fibers of the hide. 

When DDT is fed to animals, even in small quantities, there is an accumulation of the compound in the tissues, particularly the fat. Telford and Guthrie (18), Orr and Mott (13), Woodward et al. (20, 21), and Laug and Fitzhugh (9) have demonstrated that DDT will accumulate in certain tissues and in milk fat of domestic and laboratory animals. Marsden and Bird (12) found that DDT was toxic to turkeys in concentrations above 0.075% of the diet, and that turkeys fed the insecticide for 7 to 8 weeks stored DDT in their fat at concentrations ranging from 4 to 8 times that in the diet. Rubin et al. (14) reported that hens fed 0.062% DDT in their diet for 12 weeks showed reduced egg production with lowered hatchability. At one half this concentration there was a detrimental effect on egg production, but hatchability was not seriously affected. The hens were killed by doses of 0.125% DDT. The insecticide was found in the eggs in quantities much smaller than in the body fat. Harris et al. (8) have shown that DDT will accumulate in considerable quantities in the fat of lambs fed DDT-treated hay. Small amounts of the insecticide were found in other tissues. 

Odor thresholds in humans appear to be more influenced by the environment than genetics. The detection thresholds for acetic acid, isobutyric acid, and cyclohexanone varied as much in monozygotic twins as in fraternal twins. Instead, smoking and diabetes were related to lower olfactory sensitivity, and body fatness and alcohol consumption to greater sensitivity to the latter two compounds (Hubert eta/., 1980). 

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