Vascular growth

Additionally, we could neither find any evidence that MSCs are able to differentiate into vascular endothelial cells nor did we find more vessels within the transplantation areas as compared to the control group. But, in contrast to normal myocardium the amount of vessels was twice as high in the injection areas. This might indicate that the injury (puncture) of the myocardium caused by the syringe needle alone can be an adequate stimulus for the induction of angiogenesis. Therefore, rather the paracrine effects of implanted MSCs than the incorporation of these cells into the vessel walls may be required for vascular growth in the adult (Kinnaird et al., 2004). 

Much work has been done in the area of vascular growth factors to create collateral circulation, but so far clinical efforts have fallen short of predictions. The new field of cell transplantation may provide the necessary milieu and may be more effective at inducing neovascularization in ischemic myocardium. Fibroblast growth factor in... 

Herttuala SY Alitalo K. Gene transfer as a tool to induce therapeutic vascular growth. Nat Med 2003 9 694-700. 

Akishita, M., Ito, M., Lehtonen, J.Y., Daviet, L., Dzau, V.J., and Horiuchi, M. 1999. Expression of the AT2 receptor developmentally programs extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and influences fetal vascular growth. J. Clin. Invest. 103 63-71. 

Iwasaki H, Eguchi S, Ueno H, Marumo F, Hirata Y. 1999. Endothelin-mediated vascular growth requires p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p70 S6 kinase cascades via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptorl. Endocrinology 140 4659-4668. 

In summary, the complexity of the angiogenic process has led to a wide range of indexes of angiogenesis which may be best considered together rather than each in isolation in order to gain a deep understanding of vascular growth. 

Cleland, J. L., Duenas, E. T., Park, A., Daugherty, A., Kahn, J., Kowalski, J., and Cuthbertson, A. (2000), Development of poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere formulations containing recombinant human vascular growth factor to promote local angiogenesis,/. Controlled Release, 72,13-24. 

Angiogenesis, the proliferation of vascular growth that provides nutritive support to the expanding tumor cell mass, is one of the hallmarks of all cancers. 

VEGF is a major regulator of vascular growth and is likely to be involved in the pulmonary vascular remodeling that occurs as a result of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in... 

Atrial myxoma is a rare atrial tumor that causes multiple emboli of either thrombus or myxomatous tissue. When myxomatous material is embolized from the left atrium into the brain arteries, they may cause the formation of multiple distal cerebral aneurysms with risk of hemorrhage [46]. Papillary fibroelastomas are rare benign cardiac tumors usually involving a heart valve. They are small vascular growths with marked papillary projections. They usually grow on the aortic or mitral valves. The tumor consists of fibrous tissue surrounded by an elastic membrane, which in turn is covered by endothelium. One of the most conunon clinical presentations is of transient ischemic attack or stroke [47,48]. 

Vascular Growth Factors and Angiogenesis. 1999. 36 figs. X, 189 pp. ISBN 3-540-64731-7... 

Sandirasegarane, L, Charles, R, Bourbon, N and Kester, M (2000) NO regulates PDGF-induced activation of PKB but not ERK in A7r5 cells imphcations for vascular growth arrest. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 279, C225-C235. 

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