Vaccines conjugated polysaccharide

V. Verez-Bencomo, V. Femandez-Santana, E. Hardy, M. E. Toledo, M. C. Rodriguez, L. Heynngnezz, A. Rodriguez, A. Baly, L. Herrera, M. Izquierdo, A. Villar, Y. Valdes, et al., A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Science, 305 (2004) 522-525. 

A sulfur-based chemoselective method was applied to the synthesis of a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b.37 The... 

Werz DB and Seeberger PH. Carbohydrates as the next frontier in pharmaceutical research. Chem Eur J, 2005 11(11) 3194-3206. Verez-Bencomo V, Fernandez-Santana V, Hardy E, Toledo ME, Rodriguez MC, Heynngnezz L, et al. A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Science 2004 305 522-525. 

Meningococcal vaccines have been comprehensively reviewed, distinguishing conventional polysaccharide vaccines, non-polysaccharide group B meningococcal vaccines, and conjugated meningococcal vaccines (1). 

Two types of pneumococcal vaccine are available, polysaccharide vaccine and conjugated polysaccharide vaccine. 

Some examples of research under development include a synthetic conjugated polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type B, which has been described in 2004 (O Fig. 34). The vaccine prototype was obtained by conjugation to human serum albumin (HSA) [173]. Furthermore, very recently a malaria vaccine has been suggested [174] which is based on the total synthesis of the malaria toxin responsible for the morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. The malaria parasite expresses a large amount of glycosylphosphatidylinositol... 

Capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and lipopolysaccharides from bacteria are employed for the production of vaccines against human diseases. Initial development of CPS as a vaccine was followed by the development and introduction of conjugate polysaccharide-protein vaccines. The principles leading to both developments are reviewed. 

Polysaccharide vaccine Conjugate vaccine Meningitis Pneumonia Haemophilus influenzae typeb... 

As polysaccharide vaccines were shown to elicit only limited protection in infants and young children, conjugated polysaccharide vaccines were developed to provide a more potent and sustained immune response [2]. Many of these traditional vaccines target childhood diseases, and are used in combinations for pediatric applications in order to reduce the number of injections during the first years of life. Currently, vaccine combinations can prevent against between three to six different diseases, such as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine or the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combination, which may be administered together with Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, or poliovirus vac-... 

Meningitis C (capsular polysaccharide conjugated to inactivated diphtheria toxin), meningitis A and C, pneumococcal vaccines (capsular polysaccharide conjugated to inactivated diphtheria toxin), typhoid (capsular polysaccharide alone). 

Pneumococcal vaccine. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for all children age 2-23 months. It is also recommended for certain children age 24-59 months. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is recommended in addition to PCV for certain high-risk groups. See MMWR. 2000 49(RR-9) 1-35. 

PCV 7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine PPV 23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. From Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,18 Committee on Infectious Diseases,16 and Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium.27... 

There are two pneumococcal vaccines, a 7-valent conjugated vaccine for children younger than 6 years of age and a 23-purified-capsular polysaccharide antigen vaccine for adults. The 23 capsular types in the vaccine represent at least 85% to 90% of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections among children and adults in the United States.41 After vaccination, an antigen-specific antibody response, indicated by a twofold or greater rise in serotype-specific antibody, develops within 2 to 3 weeks in 80% or more of healthy young adults.42... 

Classify each of the routine vaccines as an inactivated, polysaccharide, conjugate, toxoid, or subunit vaccine. 

Robbins JB, Schneerson R Polysaccharide-protein conjugates A new generation of vaccines. J Infect Dis 1990 161 821-832. 

Purified capsular polysaccharide of H. influenzae type b (usually linked to a protein carrier, forming a conjugated vaccine)... 

Pneumococcal vaccine. (Minimum age 6 weeks for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV 2 yeas for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PW])... 

Meningococcal vaccine. (Minimum age 7 7 years for meningococcal conjugate vaccine [MCZ4] 2 years for meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine [MPSV4])... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines currently in use are conjugate products, consisting of either a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide of polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) covalently linked to a protein carrier. 

Because children younger than 2 years of age do not respond adequately to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was created that can be administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and between 12 and 15 months of age. 

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