The Next Frontier

For years, psychiatric and drug abuse disorders were not even treated together. Now we know they commonly co-occur, which means for many years clients were getting only partial treatment. Even today we are still not sure how to treat these co-occurring conditions simultaneously in a consistently effective way with both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (see Chapter 5). The next century is likely to see many advances in both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy to treat co-occurring conditions. There are effective methods to treat drug abuse and to treat other co-occurring psychiatric disorders. The next frontier in research is to learn how to combine these approaches in a way that can treat multiple disorders at once ... 

Kaput, J., Rodriguez, R.L. (2004) Nutritional genomics the next frontier in the postgenomic era. Physiol. Genomics, 16,166-177. 

Doudna JA, Rath VL (2002) Structure and function of the eukaryotic ribosome the next frontier. Cell 109 153-156... 

Brown, G. I., Lehmann, E. W., and Lewtas, K. 1989. Evolution of Diesel Fuel Cold Flow The Next Frontier. In SAE Tech. Pap. Ser. Warrendale PA Society of Automotive Engineers (Paper No. 890031). 

The Next Frontier in Metabolic Engineering The Road to Synthetic Organisms. 124... 

Werz DB and Seeberger PH. Carbohydrates as the next frontier in pharmaceutical research. Chem Eur J, 2005 11(11) 3194-3206. Verez-Bencomo V, Fernandez-Santana V, Hardy E, Toledo ME, Rodriguez MC, Heynngnezz L, et al. A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Science 2004 305 522-525. 

Kaput J, Rodriguez RL. Nutritional genomics The next frontier in the post-genomic era. Physiol Genomics 2004 16(2) 166-77. 

The next frontier is cardiology clinical practice in community pharmacy settings. It is hoped that the progress made in ambulatory practice can be extrapolated into these environments. This possibility has been fueled by demonstration projects where pharmacists receive financial payments for cognitive services. Noteworthy is that some of these initial disease state management efforts (e.g., management of hypertension, lipid disorders, and thrombosis) require practice skills and specialized knowledge in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. 

The development of critical and independent scientific thinking is paramount to the success of building a research program within each CPS research sphere. Using published literature as the foundation, scientists must be able to identify the next frontier for scientific exploration. They must also integrate the results of their own expe-... 

Seemingly, the next frontier for fast bioanalysis is the removal of the column altogether. Techniques such as direct analysis in real time (DART) and desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) have shown great potential. These techniques are discussed in more detail in Chapter 13. 

To complete this chapter, we would like to mention that recent monographs have reviewed the use of in-situ spectroscopies for monitoring heterogeneously catalysed reaction under supercritical conditions, although very few studies in this field has been devoted to the study of the fluid-solid interface.182 The use of a multi-technique approach in order to maximise information under real, in-situ conditions has also been reviewed recently.183 The combined use of powerful spectroscopies with simultaneous on-line analysis of the catalytic activity of the sample will become more widespread in application allowing an interpretation of catalytic behaviour in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the solid. The next frontier in spectroscopic characterisation of metal catalysts will consist of time-dependent analysis of the gas/liquid-solid interface, particularly with a view to analyse short-lived intermediates during catalysed reactions and with the aim to determine the response of the catalyst surface and relate these responses to the physico-chemical properties of the solid. 

The coupling of microfabricated devices to mass spectrometers has been a great success through the efforts of many laboratories around the world. The depth of applications has been limited by our ability to perform protein chemistry and biochemistry on a scale compatible with microfluidic devices. To date, microfluidic devices have been generally used to handle small amounts of sample. The next frontier for this field of research will be the development and integration of in situ chemical and biochemical processing. 

Another common theme in FP studies is the richness of possible surface phases -in some cases, dozens of structural isomers are computed to be thermodynamically accessible at room temperature. This has led to speculation that many oxide surfaces are more dynamic than previously thought, but definitive conclusions will only be possible once the processes of surface diffusion are identified and their activation energies are computed. This is perhaps the next frontier in FP oxide simulation. Meanwhile, the flexible surface model for active sites on metals [5] is finding some application in explaining the apparently facile diffusion of interstitial ions in non-stoichiometric oxides, despite the rigidity of the oxide lattice [26]. 

Cho M J, Juliano R (1996). Macromolecular versus small-molecule therapeutics Drug discovery, development and clinical considerations. Trends Biotechnol. 14 153-158. Jain R K (1998). The next frontier of molecular medicine delivery of therapeutics. Nat. Med. 4 655-657. 

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