Polysaccharide conjugate

1 Conjugation of Carbohydrates Containing Carboxyl and/or Amine Functional Groups 

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Classify each of the routine vaccines as an inactivated, polysaccharide, conjugate, toxoid, or subunit vaccine. 

Lett E, et al. Immunogenicity of polysaccharides conjugated to peptides containing T- and B-cell epitopes. Infect Immun 1994 62 785. 

Prevenar is the pneumococcal polysaccharide-conjugate vaccine and contains polysaccharide, from seven capsular types of pneumococci, which is conjugated to diphtheria toxin (protein). Prevenar is recommended for individuals at increased risk of pneumococcal infection including those over 65 years, patients with chronic heart, renal, respiratory or liver disease, diabetics and immune deficiency. It is a component of the primary course of childhood immunisation. 

Each lyophilisate for one immunising dose of diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis with Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine contains Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus protein 10 meg, purified diphtheria toxoid 1 immunising dose, purified tetanus toxoid 1 immunising dose, Bordetella pertussis minimum of 4.1 lU. 

Reconstituted 0.5 ml contains 10 j,g capsular polysaccharide conjugated to 24 jig of inactivated tetanus toxoid... 

Benichou, A., Aserin, A., Garti, N. (2007). O/W/O double emulsions stabilized with WPI-polysaccharide conjugates. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 297, 211-220. 

B. Impact of Covalent Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugates on Structure and Stability of Colloidal Systems... 

Protein-polysaccharide conjugates can also act as the stabilizers of multiple emulsions. Fechner et al. (2007) reported that, under acidic conditions, conjugate-containing water-in-oil-in-water emulsions were more stable to coalescence than the corresponding emulsions made with just sodium caseinate. They also observed that the extent of vitamin B]2 release from the inner aqueous phase of the conjugate-based system was significantly lower. This result could be useful for preparing double emulsions with variable release behaviour. 

For reasons that are probably unrelated to their technical performance, these covalent protein-polysaccharide conjugates have not yet been used commercially in food systems. But it seems that it is only a matter of time before the impressive potential of these highly functional ingredients becomes exploited on a commercial scale in various food applications — not just for emulsification, but also for foaming, gelation, waterholding, and encapsulation. 

Kato, A., Sasaki, Y., Furuta, R., Kobayashi, K. (1990). Functional protein/polysaccharide conjugate prepared by controlled dry heating of ovalbumin/dextran mixtures. Agricultural cmdBiological Chemistry, 54, 107-112. 

Cholera vaccines are produced by inactive bacteria and are administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intradermally. Cholera vaccines should not be administered intradermally in children less than 5 years of age. The vaccination is particularly indicated for people living in highly endemic areas, as well as laboratory and medical personnel exposed to Vibrio cholerae. Diphtheria tetanus pertussis (DTP) vaccine can be made either as toxoids or inactivated whole bacteria. Hemophillus influenzae vaccine is a bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to proteins and is given as one intramuscular dose. A booster dose is not recommended. This vaccine is given to all children in cases such as plenia and other at-risk condiUons. 

Campbell, W.N., Hendrix, E., Cryz, S.J., Cross, A.S. Immunogenicity of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an 8-valent Pseudomnas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered to acute trauma victims, Clin Infect Dis 23 (1996) 179-181. 

Chen T, Embtee HD, Wu LQ, Payne GF (2002) In vitro protein-polysaccharide conjugation tyrosinase-catalyzed conjugation of gelatin and chitosan. Biopolymers 64(6) 292-302... 

IX. Hemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugate vaccines No condition specified for compensation Not applicable... 

Peelers CCAM, Lagerman PR, Weers O, Oomen LA, Hoogerhout P, Beurret M, Poolman JT (2003) Preparation of polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines. In Robinson A, Hudson MJ, Cranage MP (eds) Vaccine Protocols, 2nd ed. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, p 153... 

Kato, A. (2002). Industrial applications of MaUlard-type protein-polysaccharide conjugates. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 8,193-199. 

From the standpoint of disease control, these findings underscore the need for rapid vaccine development capabilities to permit the creation of new vaccines (for cholera as well as for other possible emergent pathogens) to match whatever new antigenic combination may appear. As a case study, based on our research, we were able to develop a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine rapidly that was protective in animals... 

Four different vaccines for Hib are licensed in the United States. All these vaccines are composed of Hib capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a protein carrier. All four vaccines use a different carrier. Polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule is an important virulence factor that renders Hib resistant to phagocytosis by neutrophils in the absence of specific anti-capsular antibody. Antibody directed against PRP capsule of Hib is primarily responsible for host resistance to infection. The Hib vaccine is composed of the purified, capsular polysaccharide of Hib. Antibodies to this antigen correlate with protection against invasive disease. 

Preparation and Functional Properties of Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugates... 

II. PREPARATION AND BINDING MODE OF PROTEIN-POLYSACCHARIDE CONJUGATES... 

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