User needs analysis

Based on focus groups with 143 participants from five different ITS user groups (adults, parents, adolescents, older road users and PTWs) in four partner countries (Spain, Finland, Austria and The Netherlands) and expert interviews with 10 

Critical situations for VRUs proved to be usually related to high (car) speeds, high complexity and density of tralfic, local weather conditions and maintenance of infrastmcture. 

Main identified benefits and advantages of ITS for VRUs are increased visibility of VRUs (communication, warning and intervention) increased overall traffic flow (automation) economic (less fuel consumption) and ecological (less CO2 emissions) aspects increased comfort in traffic (information). 

On the other hand, potential adverse effects are a perceived loss of autonomy, distraction (sounds, visuals and interaction with HMI), and potential for overreliance/overconfidence , technical limitations and reliability. 

The overall willingness to use ITS for VRUs and the assessment of benefits for traffic safety and general mobility was assessed on a very high level by both experts and focus group participants. 

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Average speed cameras have been used successfiilly in the UK to reduce drivers average speed. Experts suggest that their use should be extended, and that they should be combined with in-car iirformation on speed hmits. The aforementioned user needs analysis showing that drivers would appreciate having information about the speed limit on a regular basis. 

Lindgaard, G., DiUon, R., Trbovich, P., White, R., Fernandes, G., Lundahl, S., Pinnamaneni, A. User needs analysis and requirements engineering theory and practice. Interact. Comput. 18, 47-70 (2006)... 

The book does not focus on occupational safety and health issues, although improved process safety can benefit these areas. Detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of this work. This book intends to identify issues and concerns in batch reaction systems and provide potential solutions to address these concerns. This should be of value to process design engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, as well as members of process hazards analysis teams. While this book offers potential solutions to specific issues/concerns, ultimately the user needs to make the case for the solutions that provide a balance between risk... 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the premier analytical techniques widely used in analytical laboratories. Numerous analytical HPLC analyses have been developed for pharmaceutical, chemical, food, cosmetic, and environmental applications. The popularity of HPLC analysis can be attributed to its powerful combination of separation and quantitation capabilities. HPLC instrumentation has reached a state of maturity. The majority of vendors can provide very sophisticated and highly automated systems to meet users needs. To provide a high level of assurance that the data generated from the HPLC analysis are reliable, the performance of the HPLC system should be monitored at regular intervals. In this chapter some of the key performance attributes for a typical HPLC system (consisting of a quaternary pump, an autoinjector, a UV-Vis detector, and a temperature-controlled column compartment) are discussed [1-8]. 

Only a deep analysis of users needs leads to applications attractive enough and a wider usage of electronic signatures. We should not expect a killer application to appear soon. 

Computerized Information System. The Project SEARCH Criminalistics Laboratory Information System (CLIS) Committee is another LEAA funded project. Approximately fifteen criminalists are serving on the CLIS Committee which is conducting a requirements analysis for a nationwide computerized crime laboratory information system. With the assistance of a technical subcontractor, PRC Public Management Services, Inc., the committee has determined the "user needs" for such a data system, a conceptual design of a computer system to meet these requirements, and an assessment of different organizational and equipment alternatives for the system. The most recent task reports and implementation plan have been completed and submitted to the advisory committee for final review. Copies of the final reports should be ready for dissemination in the very near future. 

Demand-side analysis (i.e. the analysis of user needs) is considered as one of the most important parts of a market analysis. The introduction of an innovative technology, such as hydrogen in an existing market that of autonomous power systems will depend mainly on the following parameters ... 

In general, the advantage of these response surface models is that they enable the description of nonlinear concentration-response relationships, and that differences in slopes and functional form of the individual concentration-response curves can be accounted for. The complete n + 1 dimensional concentration-response surface is fitted to the complete data set, which takes into account that the parameters of the individual concentration-response relationships are actually predictors for the complete mixture data set. Different likelihood functions can be used to adjust the analysis for different types of endpoints. Each approach has its own specific advantages, and response surface models for IA have also been developed (Haas et al. 1997 Jonker et al. 2005). The user needs to have some programming skills and statistical knowledge to judge the result. Specifically, the user needs to know how to... 

Dry rej ent chemistries open a new era in user convenience. The user needs only apply the sample to the element to initiate an analysis the analysis is usually rapid, taking only a few minutes. No rej ent preparation or analyte separations from sample components are required. By virtue of their stability and discrete formats, these elements allow both low- and high-volume testing to be cost effective. These devices are easy to store, requiring less space than reconstituted conventional wet chemistry reagents, and they are easily disposable after use. 

The data within PharmGKB provides many more levels of complexity that those reported in most literature articles because for all in vivo studies, and some of the in vitro studies, the phenotype measurements are linked to individual subjects thus, correlations of phenotypes to genotypes can be performed. Where subjects have participated in multiple studies, and genotypes have been submitted by different research groups for the same individuals, this may permit researchers to find interesting and novel genotype-phenotype relationships that had not been anticipated in the initial study h5 othesis. While PharmGKB does not currently provide the analysis tools to perform these correlations, users need to be aware that it is not always wise to combine data from two different clinical studies. 

The combination of PUG and Entrez eUtils opens up a wide spectrum of programmatic tasks that can harness the true power of PubChem inside custom applications. An advantage to this approach, compared to having a local copy of PubChem data on the user s computer, is that the mass of PubChem data and complexity of the analysis functions are all maintained by PubChem, thus, the CPU cycles needed to perform the tasks are hosted by PubChem. The user needs only this basic interface to access PubChem infrastructure, at the relatively small investment of a little programming. 

The intention has been to achieve a balance between sufficient mathematical analysis and as much practical material as possible. An emphasis has been put on the users point of view because the user needs to know, or be able to find out quickly, the information that is of immediate application in the design of a plant. The subjects described are those most frequently encountered by electrical engineers in the oil industry. References are frequently made to other texts, published papers and international standards for guidance and as sources of further reading material. 

Strength of material refers to the structural engineering analysis of a part to determine its strength properties. There is also the important empirical approach that is based on experience and observations rather than theory. The basic optimization design theory can be related to the systematic activity necessary, from the identification of the market/user need, to the selling of the successful product to satisfy that need. It is an activity that encompasses product, process, people, and organization. 

Johannsen, G, J. E. Rijndorp, and H.Tamura. 1986. Matching user needs and technologies of displays and graphics. In Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, ed. G. Mancini, G. Johannsen, and L. Martensson, 51-61. New York Pergamon Press. 

When carrying out a batch distillation on a binary mixture it is very useful to have a quick and user-friendly analysis of the overheads. It is even better if the analysis can be performed on the plant without the need to take a sample to the laboratory and the process operator has a continuous record of the progress of the batch. A record of this sort can be provided by an on-line specific gravity (i.e. density corrected for temperature) meter. Many binary pairs such as mixtures of methanol, acetone and THF with water have large density differences between the organic distillate and water. This property can be used to control the split between reflux and product flow rates. 

In the preliminary phase of the project end-user needs were elicited through collaborative prototyping, during the course of task analysis exercises on specific case smdies (Leva et al 2008). The end-users can be subdivided in three different user groups the HF analysts, the Industrial End Users and the VR experts. 

The task analysis provides a structured description of the activities that permits a high-profiling of the task, the context ofworkandthe users needs. However, task analysis is more focused on what the operators are expected to do than on how they actually perform their activities from their own perspective. Another method, based on user scenarios, seems to be more suitable to examine user activities from the visual perspective (e.g. location, gaze direction, affordances and constraints on movement) and generate functional and usability specifications for virtual environments (VE). The critical hnk for this information is the fact that for each node of the task model (especially critical decision-points), the important performance shaping factors and tools to be used are recorded. They are... 

Stage 2 - Build the business case The detailed homework and upfront investigation work. This second homework stage includes actions, such as a detailed market analysis, user needs and wants studies to build voice of the customer, competitive benchmarking, concept testing, detailed technical assessment, source of supply assessment, and a detailed financial and business analysis. The result is a business case - a defined product, a business justification, and a detailed plan of action for the next stages. 

The sub-systems being considered under the SDAP approach were supposedly based on an analysis of changing user needs and requirements. However, the available documentation from that period suggests that the strategic shift was triggered instead by a series of events unrelated to the user needs. Key events driving the change included ... 

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