Man-machine systems

Van der Schaaf, T.W. 1996. Human Recovery of Errors in Man-Machine Systems, International Conference and Workshop on Process Safety Management and Inherently Safer Processes, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. 

Gertman, D. I., Haney, L. N., Jeirkins, J. P., Blackman, H. S. (1985). Operator Decision Making Under Stress. In G. Johannsen, G. Mancini, L. Martensson (Eds.). Analysis Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems (Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Varese, Italy). 

Meister, D. (1977). Methods of Predicting Human Reliability in Man-Machine Systems. In S. Brown J. Martin (Eds.). Human Aspects of Man-Machine Systems. Milton Keynes, UK Open University Press. 

Sheridan. T., 45 Years of Man-Machine Systems. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. Mech. Eng., Cambridge, MA, 1985. 

Ackoff and Sasieni [1] defined operations research (OR) as the application of scientific method by interdisciplinary teams to problems involving the control of organized (man-machine) systems so as to provide solutions which best serve the purposes of the organization as a whole . 

Task Analysis— An analytical process for determining the specific behaviors required of the human components in a man-machine system. It involves determining the detailed performance required of people and equipment and the effects of environmental conditions, malfunctions, and other unexpected events on both. Within each task to be performed by people, behavioral steps are analyzed in terms of (i) the sensory signals and related perceptions, (ii) the decisions, memory storage, and other mental processes, and (iii) the required responses. 

As technology progresses the safety of man-machine systems depends more and more on the quality of the human component (operator). This fact is very obvious in transportation, where the operator (driver) is formally and actually in control of his or her vehicle. In aviation, however, a strong trend towards software control of the aeroplane is already becoming dominant, forcing the operator (pilot) primarily into the role of supervisor or monitor of the automatic control system and into that of trouble-shooter in case of (technical) failure. In this respect a cockpit crew is facing the same situation as for instance a shift of operators in the central control room of a completely computerised chemical process plant. 

Rouse, W.B. (1981) Models of human problem solving detection, diagnosis and compensation for systems failures. Preprint for proceedings of IFAC conference on analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems. Baden-Baden, FRG, September 1982. 

DNLM 1. Medical Informatics Computing. 2. Health Services-trends. 3. Man-Machine Systems. 4. Medical Informatics Applications. W 26.5 R667e 2009]... 

Rasmussen, J. (1979), On the Structure of Knowledge A Morphology of Mental Models in Man-Machine Systems Context, Report M-2192, Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. 

In a two-year project, reported by Simpson (1994) and Fox (1992), the human error audit described in Section 3.2 was applied to two colliery haulage systems. The results of the first study will be presented here. In both systems, data collection focused on potential errors and the performanceshaping factors (PSFs) that can influence these errors. Data was collected by observation, discussion and measurement within the firamework of the broader man-machine systems and checklist of PSFs, taking some 30-40 shifts at each site. The whole haulage system from surface operations to delivery at the coal face was covered. 

Klein, G. A. (1989), Recognition-Primed Decisions, in Advances in Man-Machine System Research, W. Rouse, Ed., CT JAI Press, Greenwich. 

Corker, K. M., and Pisanich, G. M. (1995), Analysis and Modeling of Flight Crew Performance in Automated Air Traffic Management Systems, Presented at 6th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, Boston. 

For accident mechanism theory, many domestic and foreign scholars and experts have done much research and put forward a lot of typical accident theory. Such as Domino accident model theory proposed by Heinrich in 1936, Energy transfer accident theory proposed by Gibson in 1961, then derived by Haddon in 1966, Gold mine accident model proposed by Lawrence in 1974, and so on. In domestic, Chen Baozhi put forward the two class of hazard point in 1995, Zhang Li put forward Human error accident model in Complex man-machine system in 1996, He Xueqiu put forward... 

Johannsen, G, J. E. Rijndorp, and H.Tamura. 1986. Matching user needs and technologies of displays and graphics. In Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, ed. G. Mancini, G. Johannsen, and L. Martensson, 51-61. New York Pergamon Press. 

Taylor, Donald H. 1987. The role of human action in man-machine system errors. In New Technology and Human Error, ed. Xens Rasmussen, Keith Duncan, and Jacques Leplat, 287-292. New York John Wiley Sons. 

Kontogianis, T., V. Leopoulis and N. Marmaras. A Comparison of Accident Investigation Techniques for Safety-Critical Man-Machine Systems. International Journal of Ergonomics, April 2000. 

A Comparison of Accident Analysis Techniques for Safety—Critical Man-Machine Systems... 

The concrete reliability attributes of man-machine system are determined by the way of mutual interaction in pla3dng own roles during plant operation. The interaction between man and hardware may be conducted in a number of variants, for example 1) human element (operator) provides just backup of hardware function 2) hardware provides just backup (check) of human element correct function 3) human element controls the operation with necessary support of the data provided by hardware that does not participate in control activities 4) human element controls operation with possible support of the data provided by hardware that does not participate in control activities 5) hardware and human control the operation in cooperation, with formal overall control delegated on hiunan or hardware by circumstances. 

Example Diversified man-machine system where automatics confirm validity of solution proposed by human... 

A descending conceptual step consisting in the modelization of the man-machine system. It leads to an implementation on the site or to a simulation ... 

The man-machine system s model includes a decisional model of the operator, and a model of the process and its control system. 

This second step is vital for assessing the system designed and realized during the previous step. The assessment criteria take into account the performances of the global man-machine system. These performances are expressed for instance in terms of variations between the real production and the objectives of the system. They can also be based on ergonomical criteria, such as the operator s workload, her/his tiredness, etc. 

This data is assessed using activity analysis methods. These methods are apphed to different operators belonging to the same class, and consist in analysing the man-machine system in predefined contexts (chosen at the previous stage). The inputs/outputs of each operator are also measured and memorized, and his workload, visual strategies (using occulometric methods [1]), displacements, etc., studied. 

Goodstein LP. An integrated display set for process operators. Congrys IFAC Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, Baden-Baden, September 1982. 

Millot P, Kamoun A. An implicit method for dynamic allocation between man and computer in supervision posts of automated processes. 3rd IFAC Congress on Analysis Design and Evaluation of Man Machine Systems. Oulu, Finhuid, June, 1988. 

Stelling, D. (1999). Teamarbeit in Mensch-Maschine-Systemen [Teamwork in Man-Machine-systems]. Gottingen Hogrefe. 

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