Safety, traffic

Highway. Rock salt, solar salt, and in some cases in Europe, evaporated salt are used to maintain traffic safety and mobiUty during snow and ice conditions in snowbelt regions throughout the world. Sodium chloride melts ice at temperatures down to its eutectic point of —21.12°C. Most snowstorms occur when the temperature is near 0°C, where salt is very effective. More than 40% of dry salt produced in the United States is used for highway deicing. 

H. Hanke and C. Levia, Influence of Winter Road Maintenance on Traffic Safety and Transport Efficieny, Hessisches Landesamt fiir Strabenbau, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, 1988. 

While a new tire may have excellent resistance to crack initiation and propagation between the steel belts, an aged tire of the exact same construction can exhibit dramatically reduced crack growth resistance, which in some cases may contribute to tire failure. To further underscore the point, the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) determined that tire aging was a main contributor to the Firestone Wilderness AT tire recall [1]. Figure 34.1 shows the failure rate of Wilderness AT tires as a function of tire age (determined from date of tire manufacture). 

Robb HWJ and O Hanlon JF (1993). Marijuana s effect on actual driving Summary of a 3-year experimental program. In HD Utzelmann, G Berghaus and G Kroj (eds), Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (No. T92, pp. 603-611). Verlag TUV, Cologne. 

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration... 

Safety may be defined as the absence of risk and can also be expressed as the inverse of risk, i.e. the lower the risk the higher the safety. Based on this relationship, it is justified to use either one. Moreover, safety is context specific, for example In the street safety means walking around without being assaulted by people. Whilst in traffic safety means driving your car without being involved in a car accident. 

Traffic Safety Administration. Since drowsiness is the brain s last step (-(->) before falling asleep, driving while drowsy can—and often does—lead to disaster. Caffeine and other stimulants cannot overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation says that if you have trouble keeping your eyes focused, if you can t stop yawning, or if you can t remember driving the last few miles, you are prob-(25) ably too drowsy to drive safely. 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 10 228 21 590 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 15 767 24 284 National Formulary, 18 701 National Highway Traffic Safety... 

Stapleton JM, Guthrie S, Linnoila M. (1986). Effects of alcohol and other psychotropic drugs on eye movements relevance to traffic safety. J Stud Alcohol. 47(5) 426-32. 

Reeve VC Marijuana and alcohol a driver performance study, final report. California Office of Traffic Safety Project 087902. California Department of Justice Report, Office of the Attorney General, Sacramento,... 

Analysis of substances of abuse involves different fields of application including diagnosis of acute/ lethal intoxication, differentiation between chronic and occasional substance abuse (as it may imply different legal consequences for the substance abuser), enforcement of drug traffic safety (driving under influence), and the identification of the source of origin of illicit drugs. 

These three tests, under the sponsorship of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), were further developed under experimental conditions and under field conditions. It was found that if one failed the one-leg-stand test, the officer... 

Bo O, Hafner O, Langard O, et al. Ethanol and diazepam as causative agents in road accidents. In Iraelstam S, Lambert S, eds. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety. Toronto Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, 1975. 

Warren R. Drugs detected in fatally injured drivers in the province of Ontario. In Goldberg L, ed. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety. Vol. 1. Stockholm Almquist and Wksell, 1981. 

At other times, the public criticizes government attempts to go beyond the simple provision of information. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tried to recall certain General Motors trucks whose gas tanks explode more easily in side-impact collisions, rather than just informing consumers of the facts. The political controversy was so great that the agency retreated (Bennet 1994). The slow approval of AIDS drugs and the ban on saccharin have also provoked opposition. 

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that over 200,000 automobile crashes are caused by drowsy drivers every year, resulting in over 1,500 deaths, 70,000 injuries, and an estimated 12.5 billion in lost productivity and property loss. The National Sleep Foundation s 2002 Sleep in America poll showed that over half of Americans said they have driven while feeling drowsy, and approximately 17% said they had actually fallen asleep while driving. ... 

Preusser, D.F., Ulmer, R.G., and Preusser, C.W., Evaluation of the impact of the drug evaluation and classification program on enforcement and adjudication, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 808 058, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Drug Evaluation and Classification Program, U.S. Department of Transpor tation, Washing ton, D. C., 1991. 

Dinges DF, Mallis MM, Maislin G, Powell JW. Evaluation of techniques for ocular measurement as an index of fatigue and the basis for alertness management. Final report for the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. NHTSA Report No. HS 808 762. 1998. 

The results of sleep deprivation have been linked to motor vehicle accidents, major industrial accidents such as the Exxon Valdez, and Three Mile Island, and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (2). The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 1999 estimated that 56,000 police-reported crashes and 4% of all traffic crash fatalities (1550 cases) involved drowsiness and fatigue as principal causes (3). Sleepiness was a probable cause in about one third of all fatal-to-driver motor vehicle accidents involving commercial truck drivers (4). 

Verster JC, Mets MA (2009) Psychoactive medication and traffic safety. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6 1041-1054... 

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the United States estimates that it takes a 170-pound male 4-5 drinks (5 ounce glasses of 11 percent wine) within an hour on an empty stomach to reach a BAL of 0.08 percent. Conversely, it is estimated that a 137-pound female requires only three drinks over the same time frame to reach the same BAL. Therefore, the difference between 0.08 and 0.10 percent could be one drink in an hour for a large man, or half a drink for a small woman. The significance of BAL in terms of behavior and toxicity is shown in Table 3.7. 

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTS A), Car and Van Fire Research Work Conducted under the General Motors Corporation—Settlement Agreement—Section B. Fire Safety Research at the web site http //dms.dot.gov/, Docket 3588... 

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, Chapter V, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, Part 571, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, 571.301 Standard No. 301 Fuel system integrity. 

According to the National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, at any given moment during the day, 974,000 cars on the road are being driven by... 

Grayson, G.B. and Hakkcrt, A.S. (1988). Accident analysis and conflict behaviour. In J.A. Rothengatter and R.A. de Bruin (eds.), Road Users and Traffic Safety. Van Gorcum, Assen. 

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