Use on cotton

There are several methods for introducing the insoluble deposits into the fabric stmcture. The multiple bath method, in which the fabric is first impregnated with a water-soluble salt or salts in one bath and is then passed into a second bath which contains the precipitant, is used most often. Most semidurable retardants used on cotton are based on a combination of phosphoms and nitrogen compounds (25). 

A number of after-treatments with polyester copolymers carried out after sodium hydroxide processing are reported to produce a more hydrophilic polyester fabric (197). Likewise, the addition of a modified cellulose ether has improved water absorbency (198). Other treatments used on cotton and blends are also effective on 100% polyester fabrics (166—169). In this case, polymeri2ation is used between an agent such as DMDHEU and a polyol to produce a hydrophilic network in the synthetic matrix (166—169). 

Toxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver, or thyroid problems increased risk of cancer Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle... 

An older method of cellulose fiber modification is mercerization [22,33-36], which has been widely used on cotton textiles. Mercerization is an alkali treatment of cellulose fibers. It depends on the type and concentration of the alkalic solution, its temperature, time of treatment, tension of the material, and the additives used [33,36]. At present there is a tendency to use mercerization for natural fibers as well. Optimal conditions of mercerization ensure the improvement of the tensile properties [33-35,37] and absorption characteristics [33-35], which are important in the composing process. 

Outside of the United States, fenvalerate is used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia, Greece, and South Africa, and on apples (Malus sp.), pears (Pyrus sp.), and potatoes (Solarium sp., Ipomea sp.) in Canada (Reed 1981) uses in other countries, including Mexico, are anticipated (Reed 1981), as is increased use against agricultural, poultry, dairy, and household pests (Mumtaz... 

Direct dyes have only modest fastness to washing, which may be improved by after-treatments such as metal-complex formation (section 5.5.3) or by diazotisation of the dye on the fibre and further coupling of the diazonium salt with an insoluble coupling component (section 1.6.14). In addition to their use on cotton and viscose, direct dyes are important in the dyeing of leather. The cheapest members of this class are also used in the coloration of paper, since for this purpose fastness properties are largely irrelevant and price is all-important. 

Other carboxylic acids that have become popular herbicides, though they are not phenoxyacetic acid derivatives, are dicamba and glyphosate or Roundup . Notice that dicamba does have a methoxy group and two chlorines, so it is similar to 2,4-D. Glyphosate is used on cotton and... 

Toxaphene was also used in the Mexico-Central America region. The plant in Nicaragua that supplied toxaphene for use on cotton in Central America closed in 1991. Total production at this plant was 60 kt from 1974-1979, 21 kt from 1980-1985, 4.2 kt in 1986-1987 and 1.2 kt in 1988-1990 [17,18]. Toxaphene use in Mexico took place from the early 1950s until its ban in 1993. Total consumption in Mexico was estimated as 68 kt, with peak application of 3kt in 1974. Use in 1981 was 1.8 kt, and it declined to zero in 1995 [17]. 

Azoic components (stabilized diazonium salts) are applied to fibers containing a coupling component, and the color form on the substrate. Azoic components can be used on cotton, polyester, rayon, and cellulose acetate. 

In California, five of the top nine pesticides used on cotton are cancer-causing chemicals (cyanazine, dicofol, naled, propargite, and trifluralin). 

Uses Disulfoton is a yellowish oil. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and therefore must be handled by qualified and trained applicators. Disulfoton is a selective systemic insecticide and acaricide. It is specifically effective against sucking insects and is used to control aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, beet flies, spider mites, and coffee leaf-miners. Disulfoton products are used on cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, cole crops, com, peanuts, wheat, ornamentals, cereal grains, and potatoes.28... 

Endrin from Cotton. The major off-take for endrin is for use on cotton, which it protects from bollworms, cabbage loopers, and numerous other pests. It is applied alone or in combination with other insecticides at a dosage of 0.2-0.5 lb./acre. Most application is by air. 

Reactive dyes with methylolamide-like groups were used on cotton at one time [342]. Bonding to cellulose was similar to that in etherification treatments to produce wrinkle resistance. However, because of technical problems in their application, usage of these formaldehyde-based reactive dyes has essentially ceased. Fixatives are used, which act through methylol groups, to improve color fastness of direct and other dyes on cotton. Their mechanism includes bonding (etherification) between dye and cellulose as well as between dye molecules. 

The main durable FR finishes used on cotton to meet more severe open-flame resistance requirements are phosphorus based [343,358]. One of the problems with typical phosphorus-based FR treatments on fleece, which only requires a mild treatment to pass the 45° angle test, is that the often-required levels alter the esthetic properties of the fleece, resulting in a fabric that is stiff or matted and often has unpleasant odors. Most common types of dyes used on cotton are affected by pH or oxidation-reduction procedures that are used during the FR treatments. 

Chlorfenapyr is used on cotton, vegetables, and ornamentals to control whiteflies, thrips, caterpillars, mites, leafminers, aphids, and Colorado potato beetles. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 441 mg/kg. This compound is not registered for cotton insect control in the United States because of potential hazards to bird reproduction. 

Other factors that may also have an effect on the pesticide use on cotton are, among others ... 

Toxaphene has a broad spectrum of pesticidal activity [3]. It was mainly used on cotton, but was also sprayed extensively on soybeans, peanuts, tobacco, vegetables, turf, and many other crops [3,20,26]. The use on 168 agricultural commodities has been reported [20]. One special field of application of toxaphene was during flowering due to its presumed moderate toxicity to bees [20]. The product manufactured in the former German Democratic Republic was most likely called Melipax (Fig. 1) due to this property The name is an acronym of Apis mellifera (zoological name of the honeybee) and pax (Latin for peace) [27],... 

CNC Antistat 2 is a quaternary ammonium bromide. It is a light colored amber solution. It may be used on cotton, wool, viscose and beraberg. Textiles treated with CNC Antistat 2 are resistant to mildew and decomposition by bacteria. Pathogenic organism are inhibited by the bacteriostatic qualitites imparted to fabrics. 

Stops bleeding of dyes prior to after treatment, especially useful on cotton, rayon, viscose and blends. 

A newly developed pigment pad dyeing anti-migrant for use on cotton and polyester-cotton. Totally water soluble highly effective. 

This material is a cationic, substantive, fatty type softener. Supplied as a soft flowable off-white liquid designed specifically for use on cotton and cellulosic material, as well as blends of synthetics and cellulosics shows minimum yellowing. 

Towel softeners for use on cotton and synthetic blends. Excellent softening without sacrificing wicking and absorbancy properties. 

Proprietary bleach. Desizes, scours and bleaches simultaneously. Used on cottons, rayons and heavily oiled fabrics such as those containing spandex fiber. Compatible with caustic and does not require solvents in scouring. 

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