Use objective

Nylons belong to the class of polymers known as engineering polymers that is, they are strong, tough, and heat resistant. We can readily extrude and mold nylons to form a wide variety of useful objects, such as tubing, furniture casters, and automotive air intake ducts. Nylons are commonly spun into filaments or fibers. These can be used directly, or braided, or twisted to form threads, yarns, cords, and ropes, which may be further woven to make fabrics. In their fibrous forms, nylons are used in carpets, backpacks, and hosiery. 

Part II is mainly about techniques and notations, the language for modeling using objects. These techniques are used to describe how an individual object behaves externally (its specification as a type) and how it is designed internally as a group of interacting objects (a collaboration). 

If there are external components—software or hardware—that define objects you need to use, spin off a task to evaluate whether to use these objects exactly as defined or whether to build a layer that offers a model closer and more natural to the one you would like to use internally in your development. If a core component defines widely shared and widely used objects, you may need to design a generic architectural scheme for extensible object data and behaviors. 

Model the abstract action as an object—reify it. Implementations are not constrained to follow models, but refication often corresponds to a useful object. 

This chapter is about how you design a component to conform to a given type (behavioral spec). Again, it might be a complete suite of software, a component part of such a system, or a small object within the software. Or perhaps it is a mechanical system or human organization that you have decided to design using object-oriented methods (in which case, let us know how you get on ). 

Components in Catalysis need not be built using object technology. The concept of a type model and operation spec can be applied equally to a Java, C++, COBOL, or assembler implementations—and therefore to legacy systems—thanks to refinement. 

Efficacy. A relative concept referring to the ability of a medicine to elicit a beneficial clinical effect. This may be measured or evaluated using objective or subjective parameters, and in terms ranging form global impressions to highly precise measurements. Efficacy is assessed at one or more levels of organization (e.g., subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole body) and may be extrapolated to other levels. 

Broaden the application to cover reactive hazards resulting from process-specific conditions and combinations of chemicals. Additionally, broaden coverage of hazards from self-reactive chemicals. In expanding PSM coverage, use objective criteria. Consider criteria such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), a reactive hazard classification system (e.g., based on heat of reaction or toxic gas evolution), incident history, or catastrophic potential. 

At the very start of Capital, volume 1, Marx (1976) defines commodities as having a double existence, as useful objects (use-values) and as exchange-values. The use-value of a commodity is the physical quality it bestows to the user of the commodity. As an example, Marx indicates that the commodity could have use-value directly as a means of subsistence, i.e. an object of consumption, or indirectly as a means of production (ibid. 125). Indeed, it is these two different use-values that are the basis for... 

Developing a classification rule, using objects with known class membership. 

The objective function can assume different representation with regards to the system under study. A commonly used objective of an industrial process is to maximize profit or to minimize the overall costs. The former is adopted in this work. In this model, the whole refinery is considered to be one process, where the process uses a given petroleum crude to produce various products in order to achieve specific economic objectives. Thus, the objective of the optimization at hand is to achieve maximum profitability given the type of crude oil and the refinery facilities. No major hardware change in the current facilities is considered in this problem. The... 

Goetz, C.G., Tanner, C.M., Wilson, R.S., Carroll, V.S., Como, P.G., and Shannon, K.M. (1987) Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome double-blind study using objective rating method. Neurol 31 307—310. 

A corrective action is initiated to correct the cause of an identified nonconformity and to prevent it or similar problems from reoccurring. It may include initial and follow-up actions (e.g., conducted after root cause analysis). Current quality system models and the cGMP regulations emphasize corrective actions and require that actions be documented. Under current quality system models, preventive actions include actions taken in response to quality data to address the cause of potential nonconformities to prevent their occurrence. An effective CAPA system therefore includes both reactive and proactive components. The effectiveness of corrective and preventive actions should be evaluated using objective criteria when possible and the evaluation documented. 

Here is an example of a use objective. Drinking water is usually disinfected with chlorine, which kills microorganisms. Unfortunately, chlorine also reacts with organic matter in water to produce disinfection by-products —compounds that might harm humans. A disinfection facility was planning to introduce a new chlorination process and wrote the following analytical use objective ... 

The new process was expected to decrease the disinfection by-products. The use objective says that uncertainty in the analysis must be small enough so that a 10% decrease in selected by-products is clearly distinguishable from experimental error. In other words, is an observed decrease of 10% real ... 

Once you have use objectives, you are ready to write specifications stating how good the numbers need to be and what precautions are required in the analytical procedure. How shall samples be taken and how many are needed Are special precautions required to protect samples and ensure that they are not degraded Within practical restraints, such as cost, time, and limited amounts of material available for analysis, what level of accuracy and precision will satisfy the use objectives What rate of false positives or false negatives is acceptable These questions need to be answered in detailed specifications. 

Use objective states purpose for which results will be used... 

Use Objectives Why do you want the data and results and how will you use the results Write use objectives... 

Assessment Were the specifications achieved Compare data and results with specifications Document procedures and keep records suitable to meet use objectives Verify that use objectives were met... 

Assessment is the process of (1) collecting data to show that analytical procedures are operating within specified limits and (2) verifying that final results meet use objectives. 

Quality assurance is what we do to get the right answer for our purpose. We begin by writing use objectives, from which specifications for data quality can be derived. Specifications could include requirements for sampling, accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limit, standards, and blank values. For any meaningful analysis, we must first collect a representative sample. In an analysis of standards, the method must produce a result that is acceptably close to the known value. A method blank contains all components except analyte, and it is taken through all steps of the analytical procedure. We subtract the response of the method blank from the response of... 

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