Object interactions

As noted above, one of the goals of NAMD 2 is to take advantage of clusters of symmetric multiprocessor workstations and other non-uniform memory access platforms. This can be achieved in the current design by allowing multiple compute objects to run concurrently on different processors via kernel-level threads. Because compute objects interact in a controlled manner with patches, access controls need only be applied to a small number of structures such as force and energy accumulators. A shared memory environment will therefore contribute almost no parallel overhead and generate communication equal to that of a single-processor node. 

X-rays impinging on an object interact primarily with the electrons in the object, ie, there is very Htde interaction with the atomic nuclei that comprise most of the mass of the object. 

In the transmission of energy by these simple machines, the conseiwation law always applies The work input equals the work output. Wlien work is done by a system, energy is transferred out of it and when work is done on a system, energy is transferred into it. When two objects interact by way of a machine (e.g. a lever), the work out of one object equals the work into the other. The work done by a person forcing one end of a lever downward equals the work done lifting a load at the other end as the lever moves upward. In any practical situation, the frictional forces resisting motion will always increase the amount of force (and work) required to do ajob. 

The object interacts directly with another relatively massive object. For example, with eveiy fall of a foot, a runner interacts ultimately with the earth, as do automobiles, trains and bicycles. A pitcher pushes against a mound of dirt as he throws a ball, and bullets interact with the gun. 

The object interacts with a flowing medium. Sails interact with the wind, rafts float downstream, a spacecraft is propelled by the stream of photons (light) from the sun. This is more of a channeling type of propulsion m that the propelled object deflects the flowing stream m such a way that it is forced to move in desired direction. 

The real universe makes no absolute distinctions between objects and their environment, and must always deal - simultaneously with a myriad of intertwined, multilayered webs of maiiy-object interactions. 

Where Western science has heretofore been predicated on (1) static partitions of S2 (modulo our co-evolved senses and language), and (2) simple, linear chains of cause o effect, the generalized CA-based physics represents a paradigm shift to (1) causal webs, and (2) fully coevolving object interaction hierarchies and dynamic partitions. 

The beam of the radiation passing through the studied object interact with the material that induces a certain scattering pattern of the reflected radiation detectable by the radiation sensors. This scattering is caused by the... 

Models can be divided into static, dynamic, and interactive parts dealing with, respectively, what is known about an object at any one moment, how this information changes dynamically with events, and how objects interact with one another. This chapter discusses the static part of a model, in which you characterize the state of an object by describing the information known about it at any point in time. It uses the type model diagram to capture the static model and snapshot diagrams to show instantaneous configurations of object state. 

Section 4.1 provides an overview of the design of object collaborations. Section 4.2 begins with examples of object interactions to show that many variations in interaction protocols achieve the same net effect and so motivate the need for abstract actions. Section 4.3 introduces use cases and relates them to actions and refinement. Section 4.4 explains how actions and effects are related to abstract actions. Section 4.5 describes concurrency between actions and explains how to specify these constraints. 

Which object should do what, and how should the objects interact The most important criterion is to meet the specification. In addition, our goal is to separate different concerns into different objects while balancing the needs of decoupling with performance. 

To help design a collaboration, we can use different scenario diagrams object interaction graphs and message sequence diagrams for software and action sequence diagrams for abstract actions (see Figure 4.20). 

Interaction diagrams (also called object interaction graphs or OIGs) are snapshots with messages added. They are useful for illustrating particular cases. One or more collaborations can be drawn for each component-level action. 

Components, like objects, interact through polymorphic interfaces. All our modeling techniques apply equally well in both cases, including the more general connectors for components. Plus, we can usefully talk about a component instance, component type, and component class. 

The first APIs were sets of functions that an external component could invoke. If there was ary notion of an object receiving the function calls, it was the entire running executable itself. But the most recent developments in this field have put the executable program into the background (see Figure 10.2). The objects are the spreadsheet cells, the paragraphs in the document, the points on the graph the application software is only the context in which those objects execute. The component architecture determines what kinds of object interactions are allowed. 

The framework approach to code reuse provides a concrete, yet incomplete, implementation of the architecture The rules and policies about how application objects interact are codified and enforced by the framework itself. Frameworks can be both white-box—a template method in the superclass must be overriden by a subclass after understanding the calls made in the superclass implementation—and black-box, in which interfaces for the plug-in calls are explicitly specified and implemented according to the spec. 

The major use cases can now be reified to become objects that support those use cases. In this case, the use cases are complex, so the corresponding objects will be large enough to be refined separately. They might be set up in different computer systems. We can also show the actions whereby the objects interact with each other (see Figure 16.2). 

Before investigating the qualitative concepts of the VSEPR model it is worth noting that the details of the interactions between the electron pairs have been ascribed to a size-Pauli exclusion principle result . But objects do not repel each other simply because of their sizes (i.e. interpenetrations) only if the constituents of the objects interact is any interaction possible10). If we are to use the idea of orbital size at all we must avoid the danger of contrasting a phenomenon (electron repulsion) with one of its manifestations (steric effects). The only quantitative tests which we can apply to the VSEPR model are ones based on the terms in the molecular Hamiltonian specifically, electron repulsion. 

Figure 12.19 is a sequence diagram that shows how the Front Controller, the Application Controller, and the Command objects interact with each other in the Load SD File transaction. 

All of the above relationships create a situation where the assessment and control of colored plastic materials are not trivial issues. Just like trying to figure out your phone bill, sorting out problems associated with just the object itself can be quite a task. A check list of questions is provided at the end of this chapter that we hope will be helpful in working through some of these complex issues. The main principle to take from this section on the object is that objects interact with light from the source in multiple ways and the refractive index of the polymer contributes to this interaction. 

The super-system relates to how the system or object interacts with the surrounding environment. To complete this box ask, What larger system encompasses the system or object For the Pitaya plant, the... 

Figure 14.15. Texture/object interaction parameters are used to compute control parameters for parametric PhlSEM stochastic modal model.

The electrochemical interface is composed of molecules (solvent, adsorbed molecular species) and ions (ofelectrolyte), which can be partially discharged when chemisorbed, electrons and skeleton ions in the case of metal electrodes, electrons and holes in the case of semiconductor electrodes, mobile conducting and immobile skeleton ions in SEs. Molecules and ions are classical objects but electrons, holes with small effective mass, and protons are quantum objects. Interaction between molecules and surfaces is quantum-mechanical in nature in the case of chemisorption. Thus, microscopic description of the interface requires a combination of quantum and classical methods. One can benefit, however, from simple or more involved phenomenological descriptions of the interface. 

Against the brutal romanticism of German Blood and Earth, Bohr set the subtle corrective of complementarity. He spoke of the dangers, well known to humanists, of judging from our own standpoint cultures developed within other societies. Complementarity, he proposed, offered a way to cope with the confusion. Subject and object interact to obscure each other in cultural comparisons as in physics and psychology we may truly say that different human cultures are complementary to each other. Indeed, each such culture represents a harmonious balance of traditional conventions by means of which latent possibilities of human life can unfold themselves in a way which reveals to us new aspects of its unlimited richness and variety. ... 

We may all agree about what the total system under consideration should be. Any idea of interaction poses one fundamental question what kind of objects interact The answer represents... 

In object-oriented design, the system is viewed as consisting of a set of objects that cooperate to accomplish the required functionality. Each object has a set of attributes and a set of functions that it can perform. The attributes hold values that represent the state of the object. For example, attributes for an employee object may include name, address, skill, and salary. The objects interact and cooperate by sending each other messages that request functions to be performed. The task of object-oriented design consists of identifying what objects are needed, and the objects attributes and functions. Object behavior refers to the functions that an object supports. 

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