United States humans

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus estimated to cause up to 600,000 infections per year in the United States. Humans are the only known host of this intracellular parasite. 

This period also marked the expansion of scientific employment opportunities for African Americans outside of historically black colleges and universities (Atkins, 1949). These changes did not come without pressure from the federal government, however. In fact, much of the progress has been attributed to the efforts of the FEPC, which was mandated to draw on all of the United States human resources during a national crisis. In short, a critical shortage of scientists and engineers expedited the recruitment of African American scientific talent (A Monthly Summary of Events and Trends in Race Relations, 1945, p. 6). 

Least shrew, Cryptotis parva Virginia whole body polluted areas vs. reference sites Horse, Equus caballus] serum United States Human, Homo sapiens Adrenal gland... 

In the United States, humans consume about 1 g of flavonoids daily in some cultures, this may be as high as 2-3 g/day (Beier and Nigg, 1992). About 40% comes from cocoa, cola, coffee, beer, and wine. Frait juices and tea also are major contributors. The digestive systems of animals are capable of metabolizing many flavonoids. p-Hydroxyben-zoic acid, cinnamic acid, phenylacetic acid, and phenylpropi-onic acid are observed as breakdown products of ratin (35) and apigenin (5) (Beier and Nigg, 1992). However, certain other flavonoids, such as epicatechin, are excreted unchanged (Fig. 11.17). 

About 5,000 truck accident-related deaths occur each year in the United States. Human error is cited more frequently than mechanical problems [19]. 

Since 1979 the use of 24 5 T has been regu lated in the United States It is likely that the United States Environmental Protection Agency will classify some dioxins as known and others as probable human carcinogens and recommend further controls be placed on processes that produce them It appears from decreasing dioxin levels in some soils that exist mg regulations are having some effect ... 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

The 1993 market for LPC-type products in the United States was for dried alfalfa meal for animal feed. This product is sold for both protein and carotenoid content. The USDA Pro-Xan product attempts to obtain improved xanthophyU contents for use in egg-laying rations in addition to protein contents. The limitations to commercial development of LPC products for human food use are high capital costs as compared with the low yields of protein, seasonal availabihty of raw materials, and the need in the United States for FDA approval of the products. 

Epidemiologic studies in Japan indicate an increased risk of stomach cancer owing to consumption of broiled fish and meats (116). In the United States, stomach cancer incidence has steadily declined since the 1940s, whereas consumption of broiled food has increased (108). In addition, the average human intake of PAHs is only 0.002 of that required to produce cancer in half of animals fed. Test results are often contradictory (117) and many components of food, such as vitamin A, unsaturated fatty acids, thiols, nitrites, and even saUva itself, tend to inhibit the mutagenic activity of PAHs (118—120). Therefore, the significance of PAHs in the human diet remains unknown (121,109). 

The average daily incident solar radiation, or insolation, that strikes the earth s surface worldwide is about 220 W/m (1675 Btu/ft ). The annual insolation on 0.01% of the earth s surface is approximately equal to all energy consumed (ca 1992) by humans in one year, ie, 321 x 10 J (305 X 10 Btu). In the United States, the world s largest energy consumer, annual energy consumption is equivalent (1992) to the insolation on about 0.1 to 0.2% of U.S. total surface. 

The methods of analysis of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) are the principal procedures followed in the United States and Canada and are official in commercial transactions. When the material is for human consumption or dmg use, it must meet the specifications of the USP (12). Commercial distilled grades of glycerol do not requite purification before analysis by the usual methods. The deterrnination of glycerol content by the periodate method (13), which replaced the acetin and dichromate methods previously used, is more accurate and more specific as well as simpler and more rapid. 

Human growth hormone, used as a human pharmaceutical, is approved for only one indication in the United States, treatment of growth failure owing to hGH deficiency, a condition known as pituitary dwarfism. However, clinical trials are under way to test its efficacy in Turner s syndrome, bums, wound healing, cachexia, osteoporosis, constitutional growth delay, aging, malnutrition, and obesity. 

Secondary immunodeficiencies (9) are much more common than primary ones and frequently occur as a result of immaturity of the immune system in premature infants, immunosuppressive therapy, or surgery and trauma. Illnesses, particularly when prolonged and serious, have been associated with secondary immunodeficiencies, some of which may be reversible. Acquked immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (10—12) may be considered a secondary immunodeficiency disease caused by the human immunodeficiency vimses HIV-1 or HIV-2. Hitherto unknown, the disease began to spread in the United States during the latter part of the 1970s. The agent responsible for this infection has been isolated and identified as a retrovims. 

Termites may cause more direct monetary damage than any other group of insect pests. It has been estimated that termites damage human made stmctures annually to the extent of 1% of their value in the United States and to 10% in the tropics. 

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