Cleaning costs

The Tellus method" is also based on the willingness to pay, but in this case the WTP concerns cleaning equipment. The highest cleaning cost per mass unit of an emission is used to represent society s WTP for not emitting that substance. 

Hydrogen Peroxide offers a clean, cost effective approach. 

The objective for Process Chemistry is to establish clean cost-effective manufacturing processes for new medicines identified by Medicinal Chemistry in a timely manner. At an absolute minimum, the reproducibility of the process and the quality of the final products has to meet established standards, such as the ICH guidelines. 

Business or office appliances PCs and other computers, printers, photocopiers, shredders.. . Aesthetics Mar and scratch resistance Heat resistance Electrical insulation Durability Ease of cleaning Cost... 

The determination of the quantity 4, the fractional increase in cleaning frequency due to particulate matter, is the difficult part of the problem. The data of chelson and Tourin (cited in Spence and Haynie ) suggest a value of v for paint of 1.5/yr. The value of Q is obtained as follows According to Noble, the annual production of paint in 1968 was 2.59 billion. Because the economic life of paint is considered to be 4 yr, 10.36 billion worth of paint is in place, of which only 70% is exposed to atmospheric pollutants. Thus, 7.25 billion is the manufacturers value of in-place paint exposed to air pollution. Using a labor factor of 3.3, the total in-place value of paint is 23.9 billion. Because i - 1.5 for particulate soiling, the cost of pollution damage (cleaning costs) is some 36 billion/yr. 

Off-site cleaning costs more than on-site cleaning. Quotes should be obtained form specific vendors, but pricing can be as high as 150 or greater per membrane 8-inch diameter module. 

With respect to the marketplace, SOFC and SOFC/gas turbine hybrids are potentially an attractive basis for an efficient, clean, cost-competitive DG system, but they do not depend on having 1I2 fuel. However, they could facilitate a transition to a H2 economy by making use of H2 for distributed electricity and CHP, while other fuel cells for vehicles are becoming cost-effective, reliable, and efficient. It is important for the DOE to monitor the milestones and goals of the SECA Program and to fully fund it. 

Cleaning costs vary widely, depending on the medium, method and application. Typical relative costs for contract heat-exchanger-cleaning service ... 

In most cases, cleaning costs are included with other maintenance expenditures. As a result, the actual costs associated with cleaning are not visible to plant management, possibly reducing its support for waste minimization. Often, however, when management learns of the true expenditures, actions to lower cleaning costs are quickly initiated. 

The main goals for the application of environmental catalysis are minimizing both gas cleaning costs and emission requirements. 

Another example could be the cooling or condensation of particulate laden gases or vapours. It is possible to cool the hot gas or condense the vapours by direct contact with a cold liquid, usually water. Although this might eliminate particulate fouling of a cooler and the associated cleaning costs, it could generate other costs for effluent treatment or the need to separate the condensate from the coolant phase. The latter may not be a problem if the two liquids are immiscible. 

System Cleaning cost lm2 Material cost lm2 Application cost lm Total System cost Life lm (Years) Cost/Year lm ... 

High ash concentration increases particulate emissions, combustor derating, and coal cleaning costs... 

Metal inserts should be free from scale, rust, pitting and cracks. The surface should be bright and not heavily contaminated with oil or grease. This reduces cleaning costs... 

Lower k (slower rate in fouling) yields both energy and cleaning cost savings. 

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