U.S. National Academy of Sciences

Besides support by governmental agencies there is also support of research by industry, varied foundations and charitable organizations, and individual donors. This all adds to the diversity of our research enterprise and its vitality. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences itself does not support research to any significant degree. As a private or-... 

Pubhc concerns about pesticides in the diet of infants and children resulted in an expert committee convened by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences which devoted four years to the review of all available data. A consensus report was issued in 1993 (80). A number of recommendations for further work to more precisely define what constitutes the diet of infants and children were made. No risk could be estimated. The residue data reviewed by the panel were mainly from monitoring studies conducted by the PDA using multiresidue methods to analyze fresh produce and market basket samples collected from various geographic areas (81,82). These and other rehable scientific studies have demonstrated that relatively few food samples contain detectable residues. Most residues are far below estabhshed tolerances which are set above the maximum residue found in treated raw agricultural... 

Managing and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washiagton, D.C., 1994. 

The sensory technique used for assessing human perception of odors is called olfactometry. The basic technique is to present odorants at different concentrations to a panel of subjects and assess their response. The process favored by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences is dynamic olfactometry (16). This technique involves a sample dilution method in which a flow of clean, nonodorous air is mixed with the odorant under dynamic or constant... 

A recent report from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences estimates than less than 1% of all living species have been characterized. Thus, alkaloid chemistry remains today an active area of research, and innumerable substances with potentially useful properties remain to be discovered. 

Roy, R. New Materials Fountainhead for New Technologies and New Science. Inti. Science Lecture Series U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Office of Naval Research, National Research Council Washington, DC, 1994. 

U.S. National Academy of Science, In Situ Bio remediation. When Does It Work , National Academy Press, Washington, 1993, available at http //www.nap.edu/openbook/03090489666/ html/Rl.html... 

Senior Program Associate U S. National Academy of Sciences... 

As noted, vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen in the body, but it is also essential in the production of certain hormones such as dopamine and adrenaline. Ascorbic acid is also essential in the metabolism of some amino acids. It helps protect cells from free radical damage, helps iron absorption, and is essential for many metabolic processes. The dietary need of vitamin C is not clearly established, but the U.S. National Academy of Science has established a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 60 mg per day. Some groups and individuals, notably Linus Pauling in the 1980s, recommend dosages as high as... 

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the series Drinking Water and Health and other writings has described the theory and practice of toxicology and risk assessment and related them to drinking water. These will be used liberally in the following discussions. 

The USSR values highly the scientific work of Ya. B. Zeldovich. He was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, three times awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (the highest Soviet award), and rewarded with many orders. Ya. B. Zeldovich is a Lenin Prize winner, and four times he was a winner of the State Prize of the USSR. He has been elected a foreign member of many academies in other countries The German Academy Leopoldina, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the U. S. National Academy of Sciences (Cambridge, USA), the Royal Society (London), and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 

As President of the Solvay Foundation I wish to express my gratitude to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, which made this occasion possible. 

All these considerations illuminate the foresight of Ernest Solvay when he envisaged liquidation after a few decades of his very successful foundation of Chemical Institutes in their original form. There are, of course, other patterns the evolution of international conferences in Chemistry proceeds without interruption. The present is an auspicious occasion. We are about to experience a Solvay pattern in another way, at this first joint conference of the Solvay Institutes with the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. A few carefully selected specialists have been brought together to discuss a quite limited range of topics around a central theme. From past experience of Solvay Conferences, this is a perennial means to achieve success. We may indeed look forward to stirring and fruitful discussions. 

C. N. R. Rao is Linus Pauling Research Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research and honorary professor at the Indian Institute of Science. He was at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, and has been a visiting professor at University of California, Santa Barbara. He is a member of many science academies including the Indian National Science Academy, the Royal Society, London, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy, French Academy, Pontifical Academy and Japan Academy. He was President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and is now President of the Third World Academy of Sciences. 

The invention of the laser in the late 1950s, and demonstration of the first practical laser in 1960, were immediately recognized as scientific accomplishments of the first magnitude, but for years the laser was derided as a solution in search of a problem. Early sources were difficult to use and maintain, and the range of available wavelengths was quite limited. Massive efforts in laser source development eventually paved the way for important commercial applications. By 1994, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences estimated the overall annual economic impact of lasers and related products at 100 billion. 

Walter Kohn (b. 1923) received a Ph D. in physics from Harvard University in 1948. In the early to mid-1960s, Kohn played the lead role in developing density-functional theory, which has become the predominant method for determining the electronic structures and total energies of molecules and solids. For this work he was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Kohn also made seminal contributions to superconductivity, semiconductor physics, and surface physics. Kohn started his career as an instructor at Harvard and then moved to Carnegie Mellon (1950-1960), the University of Califomia-San Diego (1960-1979), and finally, the University of Califomia-Santa Barbara (1979), where he became emeritus in 1991. At UCSB, Kohn was the founding director of the world-renowned Institute for Theoretical Physics. Kohn was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1969, and he is a member of the Royal Society of London and the Bavarian Society. 

C. N. R. Rao is a Professor of Chemical Science at the Indian Institute of Science, and President of the Jawaharalal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India. He is an Honorary Professor of Chemistry at the University of Wales, Cardiff. He was Commonwealth Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford and Nehru Professor at the University of Cambridge. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, London, Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and Foreign member of several other academies. He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is a recipient of the Marlow Medal of the Faraday Society and the RSC Medal for solid-state chemistry. His main research interests are in solid-state chemistry, spectroscopy, and molecular structure and surface science. He is the author of over 500 research papers and several books in solid state chemistry. 

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