Types of paper

The majority of paper chromatography has been carried out on standard filter paper material, however there are still commercially available a range of chromatography papers  

These papers are manufactured to a high specification with controlled porosity, thickness and matting characteristics and are low in metal content. 

Thus in practice a range of sorption mechanisms—partition, ion exchange and adsorption—will all be at work during a separation though one or other may dominate depending on the nature of the sample and on whether a modified paper is being used. 

1 Ion exchange papers. A combination of the specificity of ion exchange with the convenience of paper chromatography is afforded by ion exchange papers. There are two kinds. One consists of cellulose where acidic groups have been introduced by chemical modification of the -OH groups, e.g. conversion to carboxylic, phosphoric and sulphonic acids and to A,A-dialkylamines. These papers are suitable for the separation of cations, amines and amino acids. 

Other modified forms of paper have been utilised in which the paper has been impregnated with alumina, silica, ion exchange resins and organic stationary phases giving improved separations for a number of applications. 

---

High alpha-ceUulose chemical woodpulp paper, machine-made primarily from fast-growiag softwoods, sized usiag alkaline calcium compounds, and loaded with fillers and other additives, constitutes a presumably more stable material. Different types of paper are used for art, manuscripts, documents, books, etc, each having its own properties of color, texture, feel, etc. 

Multiwall Paper. MultiwaU. paper bags represent by far the most common type of bag used to store and transport chemicals. The terms sack and bag are often used interchangeably, although sack usually refers to heavier-duty bags. Several types of paper shipping sacks are used commonly in industry, featuring such constmctions as sewn or pasted ends, gussets or flat, and a variety of valves (see Paper). 

The wide range of types of paper products results in a variety of sludges. SoHd wastes result from several sources within the mill, eg, bark, sawdust, dirt, knots, pulpwood rejects, flyash, cinders, slag, and sludges. Sludges often are disposed of in combination with residuals from other sources. Approximately 300 kg of soHd waste per ton of finished product is generated by the pulp and paper industry. 

Production of decorated melamine plastic dinner plates makes use of molding and laminating techniques. The pattern is ptinted on the same type of paper used for the protective overlay of decorative lamiaates, treated with melamine resia and dried, and then cut iato disks of the appropriate size. 

The primary substrates or support iaclude many types of paper and paperboard, polymer films such as polyethylene terephthalate, metal foils, woven and nonwoven fabrics, fibers, and metal cods. Although the coating process is better suited to continuous webs than to short iadividual sheets, it does work very well for intermittent coating, such as ia the printing process. In general, there is an ideal coater arrangement for any given product. 

Paper Electrophoresis. Paper (qv) as an electrophoretic matrix was employed in some of the first electrophoretic techniques developed to separate compounds. Paper is easier than a gel matrix because the paper matrix requires no preparation. Besides being easy to obtain, paper is a good medium because it does not contain many of the charges that interfere with the separation of different compounds. Two types of paper employed in this type of electrophoresis are Whatman 3 MM (0.3 mm) and Whatman No. 1 (0.17 mm). 

T he target level for particles in the air of a paper printing machine hall is 0..5 mg/m, but in some cases the level can be as low as one-tenth of this number. Tissue paper mills are very complicated in this respect. Depending on the process and other factors, the particle level can be as high as 10 mg/m but levels as low as 1 mg/m- can be found. The targets ate selected between those figures depending on the type of paper mill. 

The paper making process, in very simplistic terms, involves the use of pulp, additives and water to make a final paper sheet. The type of paper being made will influence the levels of all of these components, for example high quality paper will utilise high levels of pulp fibre and additives, whereas tissue paper will use very little. Diagram 1 below illustrates the process. 

Matrixes Three types of paper filters (i). Filtrak, Germany, the filter Number 388 [(0.025) - soft, wide pores] filters No. 90 (0.15) and No. 90 (0.25) - dense, narrow pores) (ii). chromatographic papers FN-5, FN-11 (Germany) the kapron membrane (pore size 0.2 microns) and (iii). the membrane Vladipor MFA-MA No. 6 (Kazan industrial associations Tasma )] were applied to matrixes for biotests. The circles (6 -10 mm dia) are cut out from the matrixes materials by special instrument. The most stable results are received with use of matrixes of chromatographic papers FN-5, FN-11. 

Environmental limits or guidelines for the pulp and paper industry vary significantly between European countries, despite efforts to create a more uniform system [5]. As an example the discharge limits for bleached Kraft and bleached sulphite pulp are given in Table 3. In some countries, such as Austria or France, there is different legislation depending on the type of paper mill. Normally, the most restrictive corresponds to the bleached Kraft pulp. In other countries, such as Ireland, there are no requirements or limits for some parameters. 

Generally, but not always, the first type of paper is one that involves research in the humanities and includes topics formd in the arts, politics, literature, and music. The personal lives and accomplishments of particular individuals also fall rmder this category. A good way to begin to consider interesting topics is to group ideas in the foUowing areas ... 

According to the director of marketing at Paper Direct, "You want your resume to stand out, but you also want your documents to look professional and be easily readable. Sometimes that s a contradiction. No matter what type of paper and ink color you select, it s vital that your resume, cover letters, thank-you notes, and envelopes all match. Part of being professional is being coordinated."... 

From a visual standpoint, this document should be printed on the same type of paper as your resume and cover letter, and use the same font, typestyle, and ink color. In terms of content, your references should list the full name, address, and phone number of each person, plus a brief description of that person s relationship to you (i.e., friend, former coworker, former employer, college professor, etc.). 

The raw material for all types of paper manufacture is wood. Wood consists of about 40-55% of cellulose, i.e., /31 glycosidically bound glucose molecules (in contrast to the oT —>4 glycosidically bound glucose molecules in starch) (Figure 6.4), of 25-35% of hemicellulose (short, branched polymers of pentoses with only a few hexoses), and finally of 15-30% of lignin, a polyphenolic network with more than ten different bonds (Figure 6.5), which renders wood hard ( concrete of nature ) and which bonds can only be cleaved with difficulty. 

Amounts of Raw Data. The types of paper and/or electronic records generated in this example are shown in Table I. 

Artists use many different types of paper to create their artwork. Artists using watercolor, for example, paint on paper that is specially designed for this medium. Watercolor paper may be rough in texture, medium textured, or smooth. Rough- and medium-surfaced papers are called cold press (CP) paper because the textured surface is effected by rolling the newly formed sheet through a set of cold rollers. Smooth-surfaced paper is called hot press (HP) paper because the newly formed sheet is rolled through a set of hot rollers to effect a smooth surface. 

The unidimensional type of paper electrophoresis is an extension of free boundary electrophoresis, the method developed by Tiselius (Tl). There are several differences between the two systems. One is the presence of a substrate (supporting medium) as anticonvectional medium during the electrophoretic separation. Another important difference is the starting point. In paper electrophoresis the entire load of material due to be separated is collected on the starting line, whereas in free boundary electrophoresis the material is present in equal concentration over one leg of the electrophoretic cell. Fortunately these differences simplify the qualitative and quantitative appraisal of separation after the run on paper, and for practical work both prove to be true inherent qualities and go far to account for the success of the method (Kl, VI, Wl). 

This error may be called the paper error and differs according to the type of paper. A correction for the paper error has been sought in various ways. Thus Rees and Laurence (Rla) scanned a strip carrying a series of standard concentrations of serum. The protein solutions were applied in streaks between siliconed barriers and were thus ideal for... 

Should apply to most if not all types of paper (fiber). 

---