Type II diabetes

Metformin. Metformin [657-24-9] (1,1-dimethylbiguanide), mol wt 129.17, forms crystals from propanol, mp 218—220°C, and is soluble in water and 95% ethanol, but practically insoluble in ether and chloroform. Metformin, an investigational dmg in the United States, does not increase basal or meal-stimulated insulin secretion. It lowers blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients with Type II diabetes but has no effect on blood glucose levels in normal subjects. It does not cause hypoglycemia. Successful metformin therapy usually is associated with no or some weight loss. 

SLTR1/Kir6.2 Glibenclamide and glipizide that block pancreatic KAXP channels have been used for the treatment of type II diabetes. New class of insulin secretagogues includes repaglinide and nateglinide, which improve insulin secretion, action and reduce carbohydrate absorption. 

SUR1/Kir6.2 Type II diabetes Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide,... 

Boshtam M, Rafiei M, Golshadi ID et al (2005) Long-term effects of oral vitamin E supplement in type II diabetic patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 75 341—346... 

Familial hypertriacylglycerolemia (type IV) Overproduction of VLDL often associated with glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Cholesterol levels rise with the VLDL concentration. LDL and HDL tend to be subnormal. This type of pattern is commonly associated with coronary heart disease, type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, and administration of progestational hormones. 

Diabetic patients have reduced antioxidant defences and suffer from an increased risk of free radical-mediated diseases such as coronary heart disease. EC has a pronounced insulin-like effect on erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase in type II diabetic patients (Rizvi and Zaid, 2001). Tea polyphenols were shown to possess anti-diabetic activity and to be effective both in the prevention and treatment of diabetes (Choi et al, 1998 Yang et al, 1999). The main mechanism by which tea polyphenols appear to lower serum glucose levels is via the inhibition of the activity of the starch digesting enzyme, amylase. Tea inhibits both salivary and intestinal amylase, so that starch is broken down more slowly and the rise in serum glucose is thus reduced. In addition, tea may affect the intestinal absorption of glucose. 

Type II diabetes mellitus since age 48. He admits that his diet prevents his diabetes from being well controlled. 

AS is a 65-year-old woman with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. PMH is significant for type II diabetes and renal insufficiency (CrCI 20 mL/minute). She is day +1 from a nonmyeloablative HCT with fludarabine (30 mg/m2 per day IV for 3 days) and total-body irradiation preparative regimen and a graft from a full HLA-matched sibling. 

BR is a 62-year-old woman who was recently diagnosed with stage IV large B-cell lymphoma. Her bone marrow is positive for lymphoma, and she has type II diabetes and hypertension. 

Recurrent intestinal strictures, intestinal obstructions, type II diabetes mellitus... 

Because ketones are passed out of the body in the urine, a doctor can detect the onset of diabetic acidosis by doing a urine test. If ketones are present in the urine, it is a signal to the doctor that the patients diabetes is out of control. Without treatment, the patient could get very sick. On rare occasions, even Type I or Type II diabetics who take their medication can develop acidosis, usually as a result of some other serious health issue such as an infection or a heart attack. 

Plasma cell disorders Plasma cell disorders Inflammation-associated, familial Mediterranean fever Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, systemic senile amyloidosis Dialysis-associated amyloidosis Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, aortic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Sporadic and familial Alzheimer s disease, familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Spongiform encephalopathies C-cell thyroid tumors Insulinoma, type II diabetes Atrial amyloidosis Prolactinomas pituitary amyloidosis Iatrogenic amyloidosis Corneal amyloidosis ... 

Human amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide (hlAPP), is a 37-residue peptide hormone which forms both intracellular and extracellular (EC) amyloid deposits in the pancreas of most type II diabetic subjects. The core of the structure in the SDS micelle is an ot-helix that runs from about residues 5-28. Although the basic structural unit in the fibrils in... 

Peroxisome Proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-GAMMA-2) Insulin Variation of insulin efficacy in the treatment of diabetes (93) Susceptibility to type II diabetes (93)... 

Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) Sulfonylurea (tolbutamide) Decreased tolbutamide-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy subjects with sequence variants in the high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor gene (94) Susceptibility to type II diabetes (95)... 

At least four clinical candidates including GSK-256073 [112], MK-0354 [102], MK-1903 [113], and INCB-19062 [91], and one preclinical candidate MK-6892 [77] have been reported. Neither the structure of GSK-256073, nor the clinical data, has been reported. In Phase II clinical trials, neither GPR109A partial agonist MK-0354, nor the full agonist MK-1903 showed substantial lipoprotein effects, and both candidates were discontinued. INCB-19062 is targeted to a type II diabetes indication based upon the related role of FFA to insulin sensitization in type II diabetes, and the robust FFA lowering effect observed in a Phase I clinical trial devoid of FFA rebound. 

One of Alphapharm s witnesses further buttressed the court s conclusion, "acknowledging that [compound (2)] had the negative side effects of increased body weight and brown fat" and that "a compound with such side effects would presumably not be a suitable candidate for treatment of Type II diabetes [36]."... 

V VO(maltate)2 Type II diabetes BMOV insulin mimetic... 

The answer is b. (Katzung, pp 727—7282) Metformin is contraindicated in patients with type II diabetes in a number of instances, including... 

I. Magnusson, D. L. Rothman, L. D. Katz, R. G. Shulman, and G. I. Shulman, Increased rate of gluconeogenesis in type II diabetes mellitus. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study, J. Clin. Invest. 90 1323 (1992). 

Nevertheless, some atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and olanzapine, have been linked to substantial weight gain, hyperlipidemia and type II diabetes, a new range of medically serious side-effects. 

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Alzheimer s disease (AD) Hemodialysis-related amyloidosis Primary systemic amyloidosis Secondary systemic amyloidosis Familial amyloid polyneuropathy I Familial amyloid polyneuropathy III Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Finnish hereditary systemic amyloidosis Type II diabetes Injection-localized amyloidosis Medullary thyroid carcinoma Atrial amyloidosis... 

There are two types of diabetes, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. Between 90-95% of the estimated 13-14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin-dependent, or Type II, diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to identify at first therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not know they have it. For instance, someone who has developed Type II diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing why. This can be particularly dangerous because untreated... 

According to the passage, what may be the most dangerous aspect of Type II diabetes ... 

---