Type II diabetes non-insulin-dependent

B. Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)... 

Diabetes is a worldwide problem afflicting approximately 5% of the adult population of industrialized nations. In the USA 18.2 million people (13 million diagnosed, 5.2 million undiagnosed), approximately 6% of the US population is afflicted with diabetes. Over 40% of the population with diabetes is age 60 or older and 90-95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes are type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes) [28]. There is a great need to develop the best possible glucose biosensors to continuously, accurately, painlessly and safely monitor blood glucose level to improve the lives of all diabetics. 

Patients with high plasma coneentration of NEFAs have been associated with obesity-and type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)-mediated hypertension [24].Interestingly, the dihydropyridine family of calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine and amlodipine) and (0-3 fatty acid supplement (e.g. fish oil) has been reported to either reduce plasma NEFAs concentration or inhibit NEFAs-induced endothelial dysfunction [25, 26] used to treat obesity- and/or type II diabetes-mediated hypertension. 

Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is due to failure of responsiveness to insulin as a result of decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors (insulin resistance). There is a clear genetic susceptibility to type II diabetes, which usually develops in middle-age, with a gradual onset, and is sometimes known as maturity-onset diabetes. 

Adults seldom develop type I diabetes but often suffer from type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This is not a single disease but a syndrome with many causes. There is... 

Henry, R. R. (1994). Prospects for Primary Prevention of Type II or Non-insulin— dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Rev. Int. 3, 2-5. 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common disease of sugar metabolism. Juvenile-onset diabetes, also known as Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), is an autoimmune disease that results in decreased release of insulin by the pancreas. Late-onset diabetes, also known as Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), results from reduced sensitivity of cells to the insulin signal. A convenient animal model for studying diabetes and testing alternative therapies is the streptozotocin-freated diabetic rat. Streptozotocin (STZ) attacks the pancreas and decreases insulin production and release, thus, mimicking many aspects of the human disease. Since insulin is not orally absorbed, the oral administration of vanadium compounds that are insuhn-mimetic or insulin-enhancing would be a very attractive therapy ... 

Type II, or non-insulin-dependent, diabetes accounts for more than 90% of the cases and usually develops in middle-aged, obese people. The exact cause of type II diabetes remains to be elucidated, although a genetic basis seems likely. 

Another major disease, affecting millions of people, that is linked to obesity is diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by an inability of the body to metabolise carbohydrates and control blood sugar levels. Some people, having type I diabetes mellitus, are bom with the disease. Type II, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is acquired over time, but can be serious nonetheless. Both kinds of diabetes are a major cause of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and early death. People who are obese are much more likely to develop type n diabetes. 

In overweight adults, a diabetic metabolic condition may develop (type II or non-insuUn-dependent diabetes) when there is a relative insulin deficiency-enhanced demand cannot be met by a diminishing insulin secretion. The cause of increased insulin requirement is a loss of insulin receptors or an impairment of the signal cascade activated by the insulin receptor. Accordingly, insulin sensitivity of cells declines. This can be illustrated by comparing concentration-binding curves in cells from normal and obese individuals... 

T Diabetes mellitus, caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin, is a relatively common disease nearly 6% of the United States population shows some degree of abnormality in glucose metabolism that is indicative of diabetes or a tendency toward the condition. There are two major clinical classes of diabetes mellitus type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called insulin-resistant diabetes. 

Type 1 delodirtase, 734-735, 826,827 Type I diabetes, see insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type II deiodinase, 735, 826, 827 Type II diabetes, see Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type fll deiodinase, 735,826,827 Type HI hyperlipoproteinemia, 3S Tyrosine... 

Kaji, H., Kurasaki, M., Ito, K., Saito, T., Saito, K., Niioka, T., Kojima, Y., Ohsaki, Y., Ide, H., Tsuji, M., Kondo, T. and Kawakami, Y. (1985). Increased lipoperoxide value and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic women. Klin. Wochenschr. 63, 765-8. 

There are two types of diabetes, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. Between 90-95% of the estimated 13-14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin-dependent, or Type II, diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to identify at first therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not know they have it. For instance, someone who has developed Type II diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing why. This can be particularly dangerous because untreated... 

Type 2 Peripheral tissue resistance to the action of insulin Insulin secretory defects Includes those formerly classified as adult onset diabetes, type II DM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Ketosis is rare. 

Another form of diabetes is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or adult diabetes, or type II diabetes). In this case, insulin is produced and a normal insulin level is detected in blood. But for various reasons its effect is reduced. This may be caused by a reduced number of insulin receptors on cells, or reduced effectiveness in binding to these receptors. The cause is complex and may involve genetic make-up, changes in lifestyle, nutritional habits, and environmental factors. 

Diabetes mellitus has been traditionally classified into insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type I (formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus), and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also known as type II (formerly referred to as adult-onset diabetes mellitus). There are clearly varying degrees of overlap, and though it is often important to know whether a particular individual possesses relative insulin deficiency or relative insulin resistance or both, some of the more salient differences between IDDM and NIDDM are summarized in Table 67.1. 

Treating Diabetes Mellitus. There are two main types of diabetes. Type I diabetes (previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is a severe form which occurs most commonly in juveniles and young adults and which results from an absolute insulin deficiency arising from pancreatic B cell destruction, presumably via an immune-mediated mechanism. Type II diabetes (previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is a milder, heterogeneous form of diabetes which occurs more... 

Non-insulin dependent or type II diabetes (NIDDM). Formerly called non ketotic or maturity onset diabetes. It arises due to insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. 

It is a very potent sulfonylurea with long duration of action indicated in non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes, whenever blood sugar levels can not be controlled adequately by diet, physical exercise or reduction in body weight. 

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