Cells thyroid tumor

Plasma cell disorders Plasma cell disorders Inflammation-associated, familial Mediterranean fever Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, systemic senile amyloidosis Dialysis-associated amyloidosis Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, aortic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Sporadic and familial Alzheimer s disease, familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Spongiform encephalopathies C-cell thyroid tumors Insulinoma, type II diabetes Atrial amyloidosis Prolactinomas pituitary amyloidosis Iatrogenic amyloidosis Corneal amyloidosis ... 

ACTH-secreting non-pituitary tumors (ectopic ACTH syndrome)—15% of cases of endogenous Cushing s syndrome usually from small cell lung carcinoma, bronchial carcinoids, pheochromocytoma, or thymus, pancreatic, ovarian, or thyroid tumor. The tumor is usually disseminated (difficult to localize). 

Gonsky R et al. Identification of rapid turnover transcripts overexpressed in thyroid tumors and thyroid cancer cell lines use of a targeted differential RNA display method to select for mRNA subsets. Nucleic Acids Res 1997 25 3823-3831. 

Chlorate is mutagenic in Salmonella and induces chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in mammalian cells [78]. It has also been shown to induce thyroid tumors in laboratory animals [79]. The U.S. LFA has placed chlorate on the current CCL-3 [54], as well as its Umegulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule-3 (UCMR-3) [80] to collect further national data, and is currently considering it for regulation. 

Spontaneous thyroid tumors derived from the thyroid follicular cell occur in l%-3% of laboratory rats (adenomas and carcinomas combined in a variety of strains of rats aged 2 or more years). 

A recent study confirmed that ethylene thiourea was carcinogenic in male and female rats as shown by increased incidences of thyroid follicular cell neoplasms after treatment of up to 250 ppm in the diet for 2 years. In mice, concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 ppm for 2 years caused liver and pituitary tumors in addition to thyroid tumors. Perinatal exposure up to 8 weeks followed by a control diet for 2 years was not carcinogenic in rats or mice. Combined perinatal-adult ETU exposures produced the same carcinogenic effects as adult-only exposures. 

Chronic oral exposure of rats and mice to MDA and its dihydrochloride is carcinogenic. Treatment-related increases in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell adenomas and hepatocellular neoplasms were observed in mice after chronic ingestion of MDA in drinking water. In rats, increases in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell carcinoma and hepatic nodules were observed in males and thyroid follicular cell ademonas occurred in females. Although not statistically significant, certain uncommon tumors such as bile duct adenomas, papillomas of the urinary bladder, and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary also were reported. These tumors are of low incidence in historical controls. In another report, MDA acted as a promoter of thyroid tumors in rats. °... 

The function of the target molecule may be critical or mncritical. Thus, if the target molecule is an enzyme, this could be involved in a crucial metabolic pathway, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In this case, an adverse interaction with the ultimate toxicant is likely to lead to cell dysfunction and possibly death (e.g., as with cyanide or salicylate). Chemicals such as methimazole and resorcinol, which are activated to free radical intermediates by thyroperoxidase, cause destruction of the enzyme. This then disturbs thyroid hormone synthesis and thyroid function with pathological consequences such as thyroid tumors. 

FIGURE 26.6 Electroporative incorporation and retention of radioiodine in thyroid tumor cell line. (From Gopal, R. et al., Appl. Radiat. 

Sources from which desoxyribosenucleic acid has been isolated include fish sperm, thymus, spleen, pancreas, testicles, placenta, mammary glands, brain, liver, kidney, blood cells, thyroid, intestines, lungs, lymphatic glands, bacteria, and tumor tissue. It is difficult to obtain a uniform product, free from protein the first serviceable method was that of Neumann, which has been improved upon by later workers. The nucleic acid from thym,us glands may be isolated in the following manner ... 

There have been reports of increased incidence of urinary tract tumors and thyroid tumors in rats exposed chronically to trifluralin. Trifluralin is structurally similar to ethalfluralin, which is a known carcinogen in rats, and formulations contain N-nit-roso-di- -propylamine, an omnipresent contaminant, also a known carcinogen. Trifluralin has been classified as a group C (possible carcinogen) due to evidence of increased combined malignant and benign urinary bladder tumors in female rats and renal pelvis carcinomas in male rats. There is also evidence for an increased incidence of thyroid and follicular cell tumors in male rats. 

Hypocalcemia is the result of alterations in the effect of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D on the bone, gut, and kidney (see Fig. 49-9). The primary causes of hypocalcemia are postoperative hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Other causes include magnesium deficiency, thyroid surgery, medications, hypoalbuminemia, blood transfusions, peripheral blood progenitor cell harvesting, tumor lysis syndrome, and mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor. " Parathyroid hormone concentrations are elevated in conditions of hypocalcemia, with the exception of hypoparathyroidism and hypomagnesemia (Fig. 49-11). ... 

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a nuclear tissue-specific protein transcription factor, is found in thyroid and thyroid tumors regardless of histologic type (except anaplastic type), as well as in lung carcinomas including adenocarcinomas (75%), non-small cell carcinomas (63%), neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas (>90%), and squamous cell carcinomas (10%).258-258 Selectively expressed during embryogenesis in the thyroid, the diencephalon of the brain, and in respiratory epithelium, TTF-1 binds to and activates factors for surfactant protein derived from Clara cells.255 TTF-1 is rarely seen in carcinomas outside of the lung or thyroid... 

Tumors that may be confused with CUPS within the mediastinum include thymic neoplasm (thymoma, thymic carcinoid, or thymic carcinoma), thyroid tumors, lymphomas, paragangliomas, and germ cell tumors. Thymomas are generally easy to recognize owing to their characteristic admixture of neoplastic thymic epithelial cells with non-neoplastic lymphocytes. The neoplastic thymic epithelial cells are positive for keratins,... 

Antibodies to mitochondrial antigens are of value in the identification of thyroid tumors with oncocytic (Hurthle cell) features.Positive cells typically exhibit intense cytoplasmic positivity corresponding to the distribution of mitochondria (Fig. 10.17). 

Medullary thyroid carcinomas are typically positive for TTF-1, although the staining intensity is often less than that seen in follicular cells. TGB may occur in these tumors as entrapped follicles, single follicular cells, or extracellular deposits (Fig. 10.23). This phenomenon is most likely to occur at the junction of the tumor and the adjacent thyroid parenchyma or along vascular septa. In one series, TGB immunoreactivity was present in approximately 60% of primary thyroid tumors but in no case of metastatic medullary thyroid... 

Medullary carcinomas are typically positive for the entire battery of generic NE markers including NSE, the chromogranin proteins, synaptophysin, and histaminase (Fig. 10.21). 459 Because NSE is also expressed in a variety of non-C-cell neoplasms, it should never be used as the sole marker to distinguish medullary carcinomas from other thyroid tumor types. In addition to chromogranin A, medullary carcinomas also consistently express chromogranin B and secretogranin The... 

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