Deterrent effect

Some insects can protect themselves against the toxins present in their food plants by storing them. One example is the monarch butterfly, the caterpillars of which store potentially toxic cardiac glycosides obtained from a food plant, the milkweed (see Harborne 1993). Subsequently, the stored glycosides have a deterrent effect upon blue jays that feed upon them. 

May have a deterrent effect but may also anger your friends leading to conflict. 

Chauhan, K.R. et al.. Feeding deterrent effects of catnip oil components compared with two synthetic amides against Aedes aegypti, J. Med. EntomoL, 42, 643, 2005. 

Which monitoring approach is more effective Generally speaking, an active approach allows more systematic and thorough monitoring of advertisements and promotion activities. In practice, its effectiveness depends on how it is done, and what happens after a violation has been identified. If active monitoring is carried out only sporadically, with minimal in-depth examination of dmg advertisements and promotion, it is unlikely to be effective. If there are no sanctions, or only small fines are imposed when a violation is discovered, then the deterrent effect is minimal. For example, a pharmaceutical... 

Evolution of chemical defenses according to the optimal defense theory presumes, in addition to costly defenses, that there is genetic variation for the defensive metabolites, that herbivory is the major selective agent for such metabolites, and that the chemical trait in question is efficient in reducing herbivory (Stamp 2003). Research on macroalgal chemical defenses has strongly emphasized the last precondition, which has mainly been studied by testing the deterrence effects of secondary metabolites in bioassays. The defensive role for the trait has been assumed on the basis of deterrence it provides. Veiy little research on the first two... 

Cuticular diterpenes-duvanes and labdanes. Cutler have found that the cuticular diterpenes of green tobacco have both allelopathic and insect-deterrent effects (38). Present in the cuticle are duvane and/or labdane diterpenes (Figure 3) The levels of these specific cuticular components are believed to be responsible for the observed resistance of some types of tobacco to green peach aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.), and tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (L.) (39). 

Most previous experiments with kauranes and closely related compounds have been concerned with their effects on Insect growth and development. However in this case the deterrent effects of the Isolated compounds to Trirhabda canadensis were investigated as a first step in understanding the feeding behavior of this insect in the field. 

The outrageous anecdotes cited by Huber and others as evidence of the dangers of a runaway strict-liability system should be evaluated in the context of the second and third insights. One should not and cannot infer from such cases much about the overall optimality of the liability system. "Simply put, the relationship between claim frequency and the number of injuries is too complex for reliable assessment of the deterrent effects of reforms" (Hughes and Snyder 1989, 426). 

The British had proceeded less expeditiously. The Chiefs of Staff advised in October 1945 that the best defence against atomic bombs was likely to be the deterrent effect that the possession of the means of retaliation would have on a potential aggressor, and in January 1946 they said that a stock in the order of hundreds rather than scores would be necessary to deter a country with widely dispersed industries and population (like the Soviet Union). In December 1945, ministers in the Gen 75 committee approved the construction of the first reactor capable of producing plutonium, and in August 1946 the CAS sent the first requisition for an atomic bomb to the Ministry of Supply. The McMahon Act was amended in October 1950 to allow rather more cooperation between American and British scientists but the first British test did not take place until 3 October 1952, in the hold of a ship off Australia. The first test of a British atomic bomb dropped by an aircraft did not occur until 11 October 1956. 

Shaw, B.A., Harrison, P.J., and Anderson, R.J., Feeding deterrent properties of apo-fucoxanthinoids from marine diatoms. II. Physiology of production of apo-fucoxanthinoids by the marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricomutum and Thalssiosira pseudonana, and their feeding deterrent effects on the copepod Tigriopus califomicus, Mar. Biol., 124, 473, 1995. 

A. Feeding-Deterrent Effects of Algal Secondary Metabolites.236... 

Paul, V. J., Meyer, K. D., Nelson, S. G., and Sanger, H. R., Deterrent effects of seaweed extracts and secondary metabolites on feeding by the rabbitfish Siganus spinus, Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Sym., 2, 867, 1993. 

Taniguchi, K., Kurata, K., and Suzuki, M., Feeding-deterrent effect of phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera against the abalone Haliotis discus hannai, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57, 2065, 1991. 

The clinical importance of ALDH2 deficiency for alcohol ingestion rests on the chemical reactivity and therefore toxicity of the ethanol-derived substrate acetaldehyde. It may produce facial flushing and a drop in blood pressure with tachycardia (94), i.e., effects which are perceived as an unpleasant sensation. These tend to occur after ethanol intake if the enzymatic removal of acetaldehyde is not fast enough. The unpleasantness, or even an embarassed reaction to the visual flushing, have been deterrents of excessive ethanol consumption and thereby of alcoholism. In Japan however, the deterrent effect of these sensations has been claimed to be gradually diminishing (95). 

Two main hypotheses have been put forward to account for the occurrence of ecdysteroids in the plant world. The first is that PEs have a hormonal role within the plant, but there is very little hard evidence in support of this hypothesis (reviewed in [26]). Alternatively, PEs participate in the defence of plants against non-adapted phytophagous invertebrates. Deterrent effects of 20E on non-adapted insect species are... 

Abeywickrama, K., Paranagama, P., Adhikari, C. and Bandara, P. (2003) Deterrent effects of some Sri Lankan essential oils on oviposition and progeny production of the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera Bruchidae). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 1 (2), 254-257. 

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