Tri-alkyl phosphate

Mono-, di-, and tri-alkyl phosphates have very similar Sp values. Separation of the signals may be achieved by the addition of di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)amine. The methoxide phosphonium salts (32) and (33) have... 

Gel chromatography, which depends primarily on molecular weight differences, has been used (a) to separate mono-, di-, and tri-alkylated phosphates and (b) for the estimation of organic phosphates in soil. It is interesting to note a reversal of roles tri-n-octylphosphine oxide-treated cellulose has successfully separated gold, antimony, and thallium. ... 

The above is a general procedure for preparing trialkyl orthophosphates. Similar yields are obtained for trimethyl phosphate, b.p. 62°/5 mm. triethyl phosphate, b.p. 75-5°/5 mm. tri-n-propyl phosphate, b.p. 107-5°/5 mm. tri-Mo-propyl phosphate, b.p. 83-5°/5 mm. tri-wo-butyl phosphate, b.p. 117°/5-5 mm. and tri- -amyl phosphate, b.p. 167-5°/5 mm. The alkyl phosphates are excellent alkylating agents for primary aromatic amines (see Section IV,41) they can also be ua for alkylating phenols (compare Sections IV,104-105). Trimethyl phosphate also finds application as a methylating agent for aliphatie alcohols (compare Section 111,58). 

Under similar conditions, perfluoroalkyl iodides react with alkyl phosphates to give fluorinated phosphine oxides, phosphinates, and phosphines [54 (equation 49) The product formed depends upon the stoichiometry and type of iodide used. When sodium alkyl trithiocarbonates are used as substrates, perfluoroalkyl tri-thiocarbonates ate formed [55]. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Organophosphate esters are made by condensing an alcohol (aryl or alkyl) with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a metal catalyst (Muir 1984) to produce trialkyl, tri(alkyl/aryl), or triaryl phosphates. For the aryl phosphates, phenol or mixtures of alkylated phenols (e.g., isobutylated phenol, a mixture of several /-butylphenols) are used as the starting alcohols to produce potentially very complex mixtures of organophosphate esters. Some phosphate esters (e.g., tricresyl and trixylyl phosphates) are made from phenolic mixtures such as cresylic acid, which is a complex mixture of many phenolic compounds. The composition of these phenols varies with the source of the cresylic acid, as does the resultant phosphate ester. The phosphate esters manufactured from alkylated phenylated phenols are expected to have less batch-to-batch variations than the cresylic acid derived phosphate esters. The differences in physical properties between different manufacturers of the same phosphate ester are expected to be larger than batch-to-batch variations within one manufacturer. 

Alkyl esters of phosphoric acid and phosphine oxides will extract metals and mineral acids by direct solvation. Tri-//-butyl phosphate (TBP) and tri- -octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO)... 

Triethylphosphate, (C2H50)3P0, is a liquid (fp, -57°C bp, 214°C). It is insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. Like other phosphate esters, it damages nerves and is a cholinesterase inhibitor. It is regarded as moderately toxic. Two other alkyl phosphates with toxicities probably similar to that of triethylphosphate are tributylphosphate, (n-C4H90)3P0, and tris(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate, (C8H170)3P0. 

Tri- -butyl phosphate is the work horse of the nuclear industry and is being used at various stages of nuclear fuel cycle. Apart from alkyl phosphates, tri-alkyl phosphine oxides are also used in many plant scale operations as well as in laboratory scale analytical separations. Minimizing their inventory in such separations through SLM methods though professed has not found industrial scale applications. Some of the laboratory scale applications of alkyl phosphates and tri-alkyl phosphine oxides as carriers in SLM will be discussed in this section (Table 31.7). 

Additive Loss in Lubricants Additive loss is detrimental to the performance of lubricants. Some additive levels can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy. For instance, anti-wear additives, zinc dithio-dialkyl (diaryl) phosphate (ZDDP) and tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) contain a common phosphate functional group that can be measured by infrared. The P-O-R (where R = alkyl/aryl) stretch shows a strong IR absorbance for all of these compounds and is used to trend the anti-wear level. The P-O-R stretch area is measured over the region of 1020-960 cm using the general baseline of 2000-600 cm. ... 

Preparation procedure. Tri-n-alkyl phosphate ((RO)3P(0)), titanium tetra-aUcyloxide (Ti(OR)4) and potassium alkyloxide (KOR) (R is n-alkyl Et, Pr, Bu) (all Aldrich GmbH) were used as starting reagents. The ROH alcohols were dried over magnesium alkyloxide and distilled before use. All synthesis stages were conducted in dry argon atmosphere. An equimolar mixture of (RO)2P(0)(OH) and Ti(OR)4... 

Similar differences in the surfactant nature of soluble and insoluble species can be found in studies of foam stability. Broadly speaking, insoluble or solid-type surfactants do not efficiently stabilise foams (Garrett, 1967b). On the other hand, water-soluble surfactants such as the alkyl sulphonates, phosphates and tri-alkyl ammonium salts, all common detergents, form prolific foams. Wilson (1959) noted the accumulation of albuminoid-N compoimds in coastal sea foams, while Southward (1953), who found a variety of planktonic and benthic oi anisms in such foams, concluded that proteins were probably responsible for the foam stability. Wilson and Collier (1972) have observed the production of such foam-stabilising events in appreciable quantities by various marine organisms such as diatoms. 

Day M, Suprunchuk T, Qmichinski JG, Nelson SO. Flame retardation studies of polyethylene teiephthalate fabrics treated with tris-dibromo alkyl phosphates. J Appl Polym Sci 1988 35 529-35. 

Trixylenyl phosphate Undecyl dodecyl phthalate Undecyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC cable compounds Diisononyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC film Di (C7-9 alkyl) adipate plasticizer, PVC flexible blends Di-n-C6-C10-alkyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC flooring Butyl benzyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC foam Tris (2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate plasticizer, PVC plastisols Butyl benzyl phthalate Di (C7-9 alkyl) adipate Di-n-C8-C10-alkyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC wire/cable insulation Trixylenyl phosphate plasticizer, PVC fire-resistant Tris (isopropylphenyl) phosphate plasticizer, PVC PE sealants Chlorinated paraffins (Cl2, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, raincoats Dioctyl azelate plasticizer, refractory Methylcellulose plasticizer, refractory shapes Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose plasticizer, regenerated cellulose film Glycerin... 

The effect of solvent structure on the enthalpy of extraction of americium (III) nitrate was studied using various trialkyl phosphates such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-isobutyl phosphate, tri-n-amyl phosphate (TAP), tri-isoamyl phosphate and tri-n-hexyl phosphate. The results indicated that the enthalpy of extraction decreased in the order TBP>TsBP>TAP>TiAP THP. This behaviour was in contrast to the variation of the enthalpy of extraction of uranium (VI) with the alkyl carbon stmcture of the trialkyl phosphates reported in literature. 

Chlorinated alkyl phosphates such as tris(2flexible polyurethane foams. 

Phosphorus containing flame retardants are used as phosphates, phosphonates, phosphines and phosphinic oxides. Halogen-containing phosphate esters such as bromine and chlorine in the form of tris (halogen alkyl) phosphates are popular [33]. The effects of phosphorus and brominated additives on flexible PU foam were compared [179]. Melamine has broad utility as a flame retardant additive in flexible PU foams [180]. 

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