Automobile transmission

The lip seal, or oil. seal, used on modern centrifugal pumps is borrowed from the automotive industry. The lip seal was born with the invention of the automobile transmission and the universal joint in the early days of the family ear. It would effectively retain the transmission fluid and U-joint grea.se on jalopies with rumble seats. It really hasn t changed much in design since the 1920s. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Subserosal hemorrhaging was observed in the small and large intestine and the omentum of a child who accidentally ingested a lethal amount of automobile transmission fluid (Perrot and Palmer 1992). 

The drive system of a rotational rheometer is likely to be optimized in one of two ways depending upon its preferred mode of operation. The most common form of rheometer is a controlled-rate (controlled-speed) device. This configuration is also used in most viscometers and has been around for decades. A shear rate is applied to a rotor by the motor controlling the viscometer s speed. The rotor is normally a flat plate or cylindrical cup. The stator is thus a cone or plate for the first two geometries or a cylindrical bob for the third (Figure HI. 1.1). The stator is linked to the rotor via the sample, which acts to couple the input signal like an automobile transmission. Thus, the torque on the stator when measured by a transducer is used to derive the shear stress in the sample. 

Carbon fiber-epoxy composite materials have been used in advanced engineering structures such as spacecraft, aircraft, automobile transmission shafts and robot structures because of their high specific stiffhess and high specific strength [1, 2]. Since conventional metal alloys are... 

Behar TA, Anderson EE, Barwick WJ, Mohler JL. Sclerosing lipogranulomatosis a case report of scrotal injection of automobile transmission fluid and literature review of subcutaneous injection of oils. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993 91(2) 352-61. 

Acrylic rubber has found an advantage over nitrile rubber in hot oil applications where the oil is often fortified with sulfur-bearing chemicals. The sulfur in such systems, such as automobile transmissions, will continue to react and harden a nitrile-based rubber to a point of excessive hardening. Acrylic rubber is not affected by hot sulfur-modified oils. Where transmission oil test temperatures are normally run at 121°C for nitrile, 150°C is used for the acrylic rubber. 

Automatic auto transmission General Motors offers the first modem automatic automobile transmission. 

Viscosity is a key lube oil property and is a measure of the fluidity of the oil. There are two measures of viscosity commonly used kinematic and dynamic. The kinematic viscosity is flow due to gravity and ranges from approximately 3 to 20 cSt (centistokes) for solvent neutrals and about 30-34 cSt at 100°C for Bright stock. The dynamic viscosity is flow due to applied mechanical stress and is used to measure low temperature fluidity. Brookfield viscosity for automobile transmission fluids (ATF s) at -40°C and cold cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity for engine oils at -25°C are examples of dynamic viscosity measurements. 

Case-hardened steel gears are used m automobile transmissions, similar to the one shown in the photograph directly below the gear. 

Today, hydraulic power is used to operate many different tools and mechanisms. In a garage, a mechanic raises the end of an automobile with a hydraulic jack. Dentists and barbers use hydraulic power to lift and position their chairs. Hydraulic doorstops keep heavy doors from slamming. Hydraulic brakes have been standard equipment on automobiles since the 1930s. Most automobiles are equipped with automatic transmissions... 

V-belts are the most commonly used belt in industrial power transmission applications. In addition to V-belts, there are round belts (e.g., O-rings) and flat belts, which are often reinforced with steel or Kevlar. Round belts are generally used in light-duty applications while reinforced flat belts are used in high-temperature applications such as automobiles. 

Although not a design that guarantees positive power transmission, a satisfactorily performing friction clutch will transmit the maximum torque output of the driver to the driven shaft without slip when fully engaged. The automobile clutch is the most common example, transmitting the maximum motor torque to the wheels. 

Spray-aluminised coatings are used for exhaust valves in automobile engines, exhaust and silencer systems (double and triple life), tyre moulds, gas ducting, heat-treatment pots, furnace ladles, carburising boxes and fans handling hot gases. Similar applications utilise Calorised and hot-dip aluminised coatings. Hot-dip aluminised steel wire has been used in steel-cored aluminium conductors for overhead transmission lines. For some... 

Interest has developed in electrochromic light transmission modulators, which are called smart windows , for control of temperature and lighting in buildings and automobiles. A cross section of an electrochromic light transmission modulator is shown in Fig. 11.31 (Rauh and Cogan, 1988). The two electrochromic elements of the structure are designated ECl and EC2, and are sandwiched between two thin film, optically transparent, electrodes of ITO and separated by an electrolyte. The ECl layer should colour when a negative potential is applied and the EC2 layer should either colour under positive potentials or remain in a transparent state. This is indicated by the chemical reactions ... 

These other forest resources - unutilized trees from intensive forest management and the residue today left in the forest - could, if pressed to their maximum availability, contribute around 1 EJ to the energy supply. To do this will, however, require extensive end use product markets since the end use requirement of heat production in the forest industry will already be essentially satisfied by the industries own residue. The conversion problem is therefore the transformation of biomass to energy intermediates such as electricity for transmission elsewhere, automobile fuels such as the much discussed methanol option, or into energy intensive tonnage chemicals such as ammonia and ethylene. 

One answer (not mine) has been to translate arbre as representing the transmission shaft in a modern automobile see Henderson, Duchamp in Context. 

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