Hydraulic characteristics

C. Cleary and co-workers. Hydraulic characteristics of ice slurry and chilled waterflow. Advanced Energy Transmission Fluids—Einal Report of Research, lEA District Heating, 1990. 

In this diagram the key features are A - Diffusion baffle this serves four roles. First to dissipate the velocity head, thereby improving the overall hydraulic characteristics of the separator. Next, to direct incoming flow downward and outward maximizing the use of the separator volume. Third, to reduce flow turbulence and to distribute the flow evenly over the separator s cross-sectional area. Finally, to isolate inlet turbulence from the rest of the separator. B- Internal chambers In the sediment chamber, heavy solids settle out, and concentrated slugs of oil rise to the surface. As the oily water passes through the parallel corrugated... 

Hydraulic characteristics, 180 Performance curves, 180-182 Centrifugal separator, 256, 257 Combination, 257... 

Calame JP, Myers RE, Binari SC, Wood FN, Garven M (2007) Experimental investigation of micro-channel coolers for the high heat flux thermal management of GaN-on-SiC semiconductor devices. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 50 4767-4779 Celata GP, Cumo M, Zummo G (2004) Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of single- phase flow in capillary pipes. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 28 87-95 Celata GP (2004). Heat transfer and fluid flow in micro-channels. Begell House, N.Y. 

For Re 2 X 10, the relative roughness that corresponds to the boundary between the smooth and rough channels is k /rQ 0.08. The latter shows that the hydraulic characteristics of the present micro-channels (Table 3.4) are close to characteristics of smooth micro-channels. 

Celata GP, Gumo M, Zummo G (2004) Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of single-phase flow in capillary pipes. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 28 87-95... 

Based on the test results, improvements in the hydraulic characteristics of the plant alone are very attractive, with the Krofta Supracell clarifier in a secondary flotation position (see Figure 27.12). 

The hydraulic characteristics of the flow were calculated according to the Manning equation. 

Rose, H. E. and Young, P. H. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. IB (1952) 114. Hydraulic characteristics of packed towers operating under countercurrent flow conditions. 

HYDRAULIC characteristics are only die aspect of the design of a separator, but poor hydraulic design can pake a good separation scheme operate poorly. 

The method of sizing a separator tank by multiplying the flow rate by the desired residence time must include a large factor of overdesign lo account for the real hydraulic characteristics of the system. The only other option is to define the hydraulic behavior as was done in the design of the API separator widely used in refineries. 

When problems arise in field separation, they are normally handled ty adding additional capacity, heat, or chemicals. Most often, however, the fault for poor oil-water separation lies not in the inadequate capacity or in mproper treatment, but rather in the Xor hydraulic characteristics of the separator. 

Zeolite surface chemistry resembles that of smectite clays. In contrast to clays, however, natural zeolites can occur as millimeter- or greater-sized particles and are free of shrink-swell behavior. As a result, zeolites exhibit superior hydraulic characteristics and are suitable for use in filtration systems (Breck 1974) and as permeable barriers to dissolved chemical migration. Internal and external surface areas up to 800 m2 g have been measured. Total cation exchange capacities in natural zeolites vary from 250 to 3000 meq kg 1 (Ming and Mumpton 1989). External cation exchange capacities have been determined for a few natural zeolites and typically range from 10 to 50 percent of the total cation exchange capacity (Bowman et al. 1995). 

The work described above shows that SMZ is a physically and chemically stable sorbent that can simultaneously remove organics, inorganic cations, and inorganic anions from contaminated water. Because of the broad sorptive capabilities of SMZ, its superior hydraulic characteristics, its low unit cost, and the historical use of zeolites in water treatment facilities, this material is very promising as a sorbent for in situ treatment of contaminated groundwater. 

The quantity of water that must pass through a brine-contaminated soil to bring the SAR and EC within the critical thresholds depends on the hydraulic characteristics of... 

The resin beads used in most columnar operations range in size from 0.3 to 0.9 mm in diameter, which is a compromise based on the effect of ion-exchange rates, capacities, and hydraulic characteristics. The especially made resins used in resin-in-pulp operations range in size from 0.8 to 1.6 mm in diameter. The apparent density of a resin is defined as that weight of backwashed and settled wet resin per cubic foot, which for resins used in the uranium industry is about 38-45 Ib/ft . In column operations, the attrition losses due to swelling and contraction of resin, abrasion of resin-resin surfaces, and abrasion of resin-equipment surfaces are negligible. In resin-in-pulp operations, an appreciable amount of attrition loss is encountered. 

The gels precipitated as described above are not useful in ion-exchange systems because their fine size impedes fluid flow and allows particulate entrainment. Controlled larger-sized particles of zirconium phosphate are obtained by first producing the desired particle size zirconium hydrous oxide by sol—gel techniques or by controlled precipitation of zirconium basic sulfate. These active, very slighdy soluble compounds are then slurried in phosphoric acid to produce zirconium bis (monohydrogen phosphate) and subsequendy sodium zirconium hydrogen phosphate pentahydrate with the desired hydraulic characteristics (213,214). 

Fig. 4. Hydraulic characteristics of various diatomaceous earth filter aids.

Rhodamine B was added to the tank inflow, and the resulting effluent concentration was recorded as a function of time in a double-beam (Zeiss) spectral photometer. These measurements were evaluated statistically in order to describe the hydraulic characteristics of the tanks. Effluent concentrations of the tracer, dosed as a delta impulse, observed for different (hydraulic) surface loading (q = 0.28, 0.58, and 1.0 m/h) were evaluated in terms of a characteristic (dimensionless) number, the dispersion number (4), and shown in Figure 3. 

Finally, the scale of the reactors is significant. The experiments reported here were performed only with one family of models on one scale (about 1 40, relative to real-world reactors). Another investigation (8) of the effect of scale on hydraulic characteristics of coagulation reactors showed that as the scale increased, the flow regime or the energy dissipation became less ho-... 

The tubes may be either bare or with low fins on the outside. Low-lin tubes are used when the fluid on the outside of the tubes (the sheU-side fluid) has a substantially lower heat-transfer coefficient than the fluid on the inside of the tubes (the tube-side fluid). A low-lin surface provides 2 1/2 to 5 times as much heat-transfer area on the outside as the corresponding bare tube, and this area ratio helps to offset the lower heat-transfer coefficient. If low-lin tubes are used, it is necessary to calculate the efficiency by the methods given in Section 6.2.4 of this chapter. Other tube enhancements are available the thermal/hydraulic characteristics of these devices generally need to be provided by the manufacturer. 

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