Tracheitis

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngo-tracheitis, Newcastle disease, mycoplasmosis, duck viral enteritis, infectious coryza, ornithobacteriosis, turkey coryza, fowl cholera, aspergillosis, heat exhaustion, and severe water deprivation. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest, infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis, bovine herpes mammillitis, malignant catarrhal fever, Peste des petits ruminants, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and foot rot in cattle, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease, and foreign bodies or trauma. 

After acute mild insult the nonciliated cells proliferate and the epithelium regenerates to normal. In the airways, nonciliated basal cells are the main proliferating population. In the bronchioles, the Clara cell is the main precursor cell for regeneration. Because of the delicate nature of the respiratory tract epithelium and the close proximity of subepithelial blood vessels, an inflammatory response occurs to all but the mildest form of injury. Many lesions are therefore diagnosed as rhinitis, tracheitis, and bronchiolitis and qualified as acute, subacute, and chronic depending on the stage of the response. 

Other effects were keratinized squamous metaplasia of the trachea (4000ppb) dose-related increases in tracheitis and desquamation of the tracheal epithelium, and bronchitis, desquamation, and regeneration of the bronchial epithelium (100, 400, and 4000 ppb) bone marrow erythropoietic hyperplasia (males, 4000ppb) testicular atrophy (males, 4000 ppb) and degenerative changes in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys. ... 

Hydrazine is absorbed through the skin. In one case attributed to hydrazine hydrate exposure, systemic effects included weakness, vomiting, excited behavior, and tremors the chief histologic findings were severe tracheitis and bronchitis, fatty degeneration of the liver, and nephritis. ... 

Of three chemical workers who were observed after accidental exposures to perchloromethyl mercaptan, two survived episodes of pulmonary edema, and the third died after 36 hours. The fatality resulted from a spill of the liquid on the clothing and floor with exposure to the vapor. At autopsy, there was necrotizing tracheitis, massive hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, marked toxic nephrosis, and vacuolization of centrilobular hepatic cells. 

Respiratory - Upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis (14%) nasal cavity/sinus disease (6%) sinus headache, lower respiratory tract infection (4%) allergic rhinitis (more than 3%) rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis/bronchitis (1% to 3%). 

The animals were killed and examined at 12 and 24 h and 3, 7, and 30 d. At the low exposure, one animal examined 12 h after exposure had superficial tracheitis, edema of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa, and beginning bronchorrhea. All others were free of lesions related... 

Groups of 4 male albino ChR-CD rats were exposed to various concentrations of HDl for 4 or 8 hours. When rats were exposed to 370 ppm, they died after 2-3 hours of exposure. Prior to death, rats showed signs of irritation, gasping, and convulsions. Tracheitis, pleural effusion, and small areas of pulmonary hemorrhage were observed at necropsy but were not considered extensive enough to cause death. Rats survived exposiues to 5-72 ppm HDl (Haskell Laboratory 1961). In a similar study, groups of 4 male albino ChR-CD rats were exposed to 30 ppm HDl for 4 hours daily for 10 days over a 2-week period. 

While the human studies deseribe the allergic component of HDI toxieity, most of the animal studies describe the direet irritant effeets of HDI and HDI prepolymers after inhalation. Laboratory animals exposed to HDI via inhalation showed such adverse signs as respiratory irritation, tracheitis, pleural effusion, pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia, mostly at eoncentrations >1 ppm (Dow Chemical 1964 E.I. Dupont de Nemours 1978 Haskell Laboratory 1961 Karol et al. 1984). 

Carpesium abrotanoides L. C. athunbergianum Sieb. et Zucc. He Shi or Tian Min Qing (Starwort) (whole plant, fruit) Essential oils, inlin.49 Ascariasis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, antiphlogistic in pharyngitis, tracheitis, laryngitis. 

N.A. Volatile oil, flavonoids, resin. Treats tracheitis, bronchitis, and asthma. 

Antimony spots are temporary pustular skin eruptions that afflict workers exposed to antimony compounds. Prolonged or acute exposure results in the build up of antimony in the tissues, especially in liver, kidney, adrenals and thyroid. Antimony(III) is considered to be more toxic than antimony(V) because it is relatively slowly excreted. Long term exposures (up to 28 years) have resulted in pneumoconiosis and emphysema, but even after a few months exposure (5-10 mg m-3) to fumes from antimony smelting pathological symptoms were observed, e.g. rhinitis, pharyngitis and tracheitis.174... 

Aniseed is stated to possess expectorant, antispasmodic, carminative, and parasiticidic properties. It is traditionally used for bronchial catarrh, pertussis, spasmodic cough, flatulent colic, topically for pediculosis and scabies, and specifically for bronchitis, tracheitis with persistent cough, and as an aromatic adjuvant to prevent colic from cathartics. It has been used as an estrogenic agent and is reputed to increase milk secretion, promote menstruation, facilitate birth, alleviate symptoms of the male climacteric, and increase libido. 

Drosera is stated to possess antispasmodic, demulcent, and expectorant characteristics. It is used for treating bronchitis, asthma, pertussis, tracheitis, gastric ulceration, and specifically for asthma and chronic bronchitis with peptic ulceration or gastritis. 

Rat (Sprague- Dawley) 13 wk 15 min/d 5 d/wk Resp Cardio G astro Hemato Hepatic Renal Dermal Ocular 289 1742 1742 1742 1742 1742 1742 1742 884 (moderate laryngitis, moderate tracheitis) 1742 (wheezing, dyspnea) Brown et al. 1981... 

The volatile oil in aniseed provides the basis for its internal use to ease griping, intestinal colic and flatulence. It also has a marked expectorant and antispasmodic action and may be used in bronchitis and in tracheitis, where there is persistent irritable coughing, and to reduce the symptoms of whooping cough. Externally, the oil may be used in an ointment base for the treatment of scabies and lice infestations. Aniseed s mild oestrogenic effects, thought... 

Mildly affected No deaths among 9 subjects acme pharyngitis and tracheitis. 

Rat 12 Inhalation 25,50,100, 250 35 49 d, coruin uous Rats were inoculated with Mycoplasrm pulmonis on day 7. Animals exposed to ammonia showed significantly increased symptoms of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis seventy of rhinitis, otitis media, tracheitis, pneumonia was increased. Pathologic and microscopic changes characteristic of infection also increased in exposed rats. LOAEL 25 Broderson et al. 1976... 

Rabbit males Inhalation 7a 300 2 h/d 6 d/wk 5 wk Decreased respiratory rate rhinitis tracheitis bronchopneumonia body weight gain 25% less than controls. LOAEL 7a300 Miyata et al. 1990... 

Table 7. Incidence of tracheitis in colony rats in GB chronic study 13...

Most cases of chronic respiratory intoxication result from exposure to airborne particles containing antimony trioxide, Sb20j. The symptoms were reported to be soreness, nosebleeds, rhinitis, pharyngitis, pneumonitis and tracheitis. 

In laboratory animals, TDI has caused inflammation and necrosis when applied directly to the skin, conjunctivitis when applied to the eyes, and rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia when inhaled. All workers develop eye, nose, and throat irritation at 0.5 ppm exposure to TDI. Sensitized individuals may manifest symptoms at levels as... 

Inhalation may cause irritation of the respiratory tract characterized by rhinitis, tracheitis, and pulmonary edema. High concentrations may result in central nervous system depression and death from respiratory paralysis. Skin contact may cause irritation and ocular contact may be associated with palpebral edema, keratitis, and corneal defects. Ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, convulsions, and unconsciousness. Several people developed degenerative changes in their livers from drinking the juice of... 

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