Toxicology side effects

Toxicology informs us about cancer on two accounts. First, toxicology research provided insight into the causes of cancer and likelihood of developing cancer. Second, many of the treatments for cancer have serious toxicological side effects. Cancer treatment must often balance the need to kill the cancerous cells while limiting the damage to the normal cells of the body. 

Koch, H.P. (1996) Toxicology, side effects and unwanted effects of garlic. In Garlic The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species. (Koch, H.P. and Lawson, L.D., eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 221-228. 

Biological characterization includes toxicological studies, dose relationships, routes of adininistration, identification of side effects, and absorption, distribution, metaboHsm, and excretion patterns. If the results are stiU acceptable, product formulation and dosage form are developed. The product should be pleasing to the patient and thus may contain flavoring and colorants. 

Toxicological studies have demonstrated that there are no important problems with fluconazole. Therapeutic doses of fluconazole may cause enzyme induction in the Hver. This suggests that interactions with other dmgs cannot be excluded. The side effects are similar to those of itraconazole and include nausea, headache, and vertigo. Occasionally, increased Hver enzymes may be noted. Like itraconazole, fluconazole is contraindicated during pregnancy. 

Koeman, J.H. and Pennings, J.H. (1970). An orientational survey on the side effects and environmental distribution of dieldrin in a tse-tse control in S.W. Kenya. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5, 164—170. 

In addition to environmental and toxicological assessment of chemical additives in products, the socioeconomic valuation is of high interest, too. Environmental unpredictable degradation with a number of side effects is usually a negative... 

Toxicology Test drug-treated tissue samples for toxicological effects These studies help drug companies eliminate from their pipelines - at an early stage of development - drugs that are likely to have poor side-effect profiles. This approach will make drug development more efficient and cost effective. 

Philippens IHCHM, Vanwersch RAP, Groen B, Olivier B, Bruijnzeel PLB, Melchers BPC. Subchronic physostigmine pretreatment in marmosets absence of side effects and effectiveness against soman poisoning with negligible postintoxication incapacitation. Toxicological Sciences 53 84-91, 2000a. 

Bala, S., Weaver, J., and Hastings, K.L., Clinical relevance of preclinical testing for allergic side effects, Toxicology, 209, 195, 2005. 

As reviewed by Ryffel (1996) most side effects in humans of a therapy with rDNA therapy may be predicted by data from experimental toxicology studies, but there are exceptions. IL-6 for example, induced a sustained increase in blood platelets and acute phase proteins, with no increase in body temperature. In human trials, however, there were increases in temperature. 

From a pharmacological point of view the first two strategies raise several distinct disadvantages. First, the exact structures of these fullerene-based systems in solution are usually unknown and, especially for polymeric materials inhomogeneous samples are frequently obtained. Furthermore, in many cases the amount of incorporated fullerene is not clearly determined. In addition, the presence of other molecules like the hosts or polymeric residues can cause unpredictable side effects and in no case the mode of action or activity can doubtlessly be associated with the fullerenes. However, for systematic investigations on structure-function relationships or extensive testings of toxicological or human availability properties, the use of structurally well-defined and characterized materials is mandatory. 

During phase III the analytical laboratory performs systematic methods validation and continues with product characterization. A suitable formulation or a formulation candidate is in place and testing for stability continues. Production evaluates the consistency of the manufacturing process, which should be at a scale capable of delivering commercial quantities. Advanced studies are continued or initiated to evaluate chronic toxicology and reproductive side effects in animal models. Parallel to phase III studies, preparations are made for the submission of the BLA. 

---