Fetal toxicity

Studies in which pregnant rats and mice were exposed to 1250 ppm of methylene chloride for seven hours a day on days 6—15 of gestation indicated no significant maternal, embryonal, or fetal toxicity (34). Methylene chloride was shown to be nonteratogenetic to either animal at the concentration studied. 

Other toxicological effects that may be associated with exposure to benzyl chloride based on animal studies are skin sensitization and developmental embryo and/or fetal toxicity. A 1980 OSHA regulation has estabhshed a national occupational exposure limit for benzyl chloride of 5 mg/m (1 ppm). Concentrations of 160 mg/m (32 ppm) in air cause severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract (68). 

Dimethyltin Yes. NOAEL = 0.6 (neuropathology) mg/kg body weight per day (as DMTC) Yes. NOAEL =10 (maternal and fetal toxicity) mg/kg body weight per day (as DMTC) No data available Limited data thymus weight unaffected at 5 mg/kg body weight per day (as DMTC)... 

Noda T (2001) Maternal and fetal toxicity of dimethyltin in rats. Journal of Health Science, 47(6) 544-551. 

Developmental Effects. There are no data available on developmental effects of acrylonitrile in humans however, two well-conducted studies in rats have shown that acrylonitrile is teratogenic in animals by both inhalation and oral exposure (Murray et al. 1978). Fetal malformations occurred in a dose-related manner. When administered orally, malformations were present even at doses in which no maternal or fetal toxicity was apparent. 

Burns LM Rifaximin Study of Effects on Embryo-Fetal Toxicity in the Rabbit by Oral Gavage Administration. Final Report. Eye, Huntington Life Sciences, 1998. 

Maternal and fetal toxicity in the 200 mg/kg diet group (Anonymous 1988)... 

Lu, M., and R.Staples. 1981. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (FC-134a) embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenicity study by inhalation in the rat. Report No. 317-81. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. (Cited in NRC 1996). 

In addition, various treatments that simulate effects that can result from pharmaceutical treatment have been shown to cause developmental toxicity. Food deprivation can cause embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenicity in mice (Szabo and... 

Chernoff N, Rogers EH. 1976. Fetal toxicity of Kepone in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 38 189-194. 

Staples RE, Burgess BA, Kerns WD The embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APLO) in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4 429-440, 1984... 

Administered by inhalation to rats 6 hours/ day on days 7-16 of gestation, 12,000ppm trfetal weights overt maternal toxicity was also observed at this dose and was expressed as a significant reduction in weight gain and in feed consumption. Increased incidences of alopecia, lethargy, salivation, and ocular irritation were also observed in the treated dams, trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not considered to be uniquely toxic to the rat conceptus. 

Dinitrotoluene was not found to be teratogenic after oral administration to rats embryo/fetal toxicity was observed only at a dose that also produced 46.2% maternal mortality."... 

McLaughlin RE, Reger SJ, Barkalow JA, et al Methyl methacrylate A study of teratogenicity and fetal toxicity of the vapor in the mouse. J Bone Joint Surg 60A355-358, 1978... 

Sunderman FW Jr, Shen SK, Mitchell JM, et al. 1978. Embryotoxicity and fetal toxicity of nickel in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 43 381-390. 

D) Used for pregnant women, since it is the DMARD with the least fetal toxicity... 

Indications of embryo or fetal toxicity include increased incidence of embryonic or fetal resorptions, reduced or increased weight or size of the fetuses, and delayed fetal development and dysmorphogenesis. Any of these findings in the absence of maternal toxicity constitute evidence of selective developmental toxicity. Abortion in rabbits is a frequent consequence of maternal toxicity, but may also occur as the result of a compound-induced embryo-fetal mortality. 

No effect dose level, lowest effect level and/or maximum tolerated dose level for embryo-fetal toxicity. 

Any observed relation between maternal- and embryo-fetal toxicity (see Chapter 24). 

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