Toxicology and Ecology

Isoindoline pigments do not exhibit acute toxicity in animal tests by oral and inha-lative administration. Tests have shown that they do not cause irritation of the skin or mucous membranes. The Ames test for mutagenicity gave negative results, and the test for genotoxicity shows no clastogenic effects. 

A 4-week feeding trial to test for chronic toxicity in rats, involving the administration of up to 1.000 mg per kg of body weight, did not reveal any adverse effects (C.I. Pigment Yellow 185). The pigments are therefore beUeved to be neither toxic nor bioavailable. 

Isoindoline pigments are sparingly soluble in water. They exhibit practically no toxicity to fish. The pigments are not biodegradable, but since they are also not bioavailable either, they do not accumulate in Uving organisms. This was shown by bioaccumulation tests in fish. 

We should like to thank Mr. D. Muller of Bayer, Mr. H. Liebig of Ciba S.C. and Dr. R. Jung of Clariant for providing technical literature and our colleagues Dr. T. Clemens, Dr. H. Endriss, Dr. V. Koch, Dr. W. Lotsch and Dr. J. Schroder for their cooperation. 

3 Colour Index International, Pigment Solvent Dyes, Society of Dyers and Colourists 2nd ed. Issue on CD-Rom, 1997, 3rd ed. Issue on CD-Rom, 1999 

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Multi-residue Method S19 of the DFG Manual,including Cieanup Procedure Xll-6 (gel-chromatographic cleanup), has been used successfully in many laboratories because of its broad applicability for the gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in foodstuffs. DFG method S19 is also included in the respective European Standards. Subsequently, a modification of the extraction and partition step has been implemented. The modified method requires less experimental effort and eliminates the use of dichloromethane, which is an undesirable solvent for toxicological and ecological reasons. As the results from validation studies demonstrate,... 

Rosenblatt DH, Miller TA, Dacre JC, et al. 1975a. Problem definition studies on potential environmental pollutants. I. Toxicology and ecological hazards of 16 substances at the RMA. Technical Report 7508. U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD. 

As a starting point to discussing organic pigments, it should be noted that the specific physicochemical, toxicological, and ecological properties of these compounds present an uncommonly small risk potential. 

It has become increasingly common to provide information on safe pigment handling and use in concentrated form on safety data sheets. Apart from listing physical and chemical parameters and information as to safety and precautionary measures, fire and flammability data, first aid after contamination and accidents, waste disposal, these sheets also provide toxicological and ecological parameters. 

The single most important factor in evaluating the toxicological and ecological properties of an organic pigment is its extreme insolubility in water and in the application media. 

ISO 4621 (1986) also specifies analytical methods. Usually, analysis of chromium and the byproducts is preceded by melting with soda and sodium peroxide. The content of water-soluble or acid-soluble chromium is becoming important from the toxicological and ecological point of view. It is determined according to DIN 53 780 with water, or according to ISO 3856, part 1 with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid. 

The evaluation and knowledge of physical, chemical, toxicological, and ecological properties of a dye is essential in order to assess its influence on the environment and to estimate whether or not a given product presents a hazard potential. It is important also to consider the type of handling and use that a dye is likely to undergo, the extent of human exposure that might be expected, and the amount involved. 

The Safety Data Sheet contains information, such as the identity of the dye, possible hazardous components and physicochemical, toxicological, and ecological data, first aid and emergency measures, occupational exposure limits, and information on personal protective equipment [45],... 

C.I. Reactive B lack 5, an important type of reactive dye, was comprehensively studied for its toxicological and ecological profile. It proved to be of low acute toxicity and is nonirritant, a weak sensitizer, and has no genotoxic potential. Even in its hydrolyzed form it is not hazardous to the effluent water [4],... 

BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Product Safety, Regulations, Toxicology and Ecology, GUP/CP-Z 470 und Li 556, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany... 

Extrapolation across time-varying exposure regimes This section will focus primarily on the toxicological and ecological implications of different exposure regimes and the relation between the time frames of exposure and response. 

The metals commonly used are chromium, cobalt, copper and nickel.119-123 More stringent governmental regulations tend to limit their use owing to the toxicological and ecological drawbacks of these colorants. There are tendencies now to substitute the above-mentioned metals by less toxic ones such as by aluminium124 and to prepare environmentally safer dyes. 

Zeeman M (1997) Aquatic toxicology and ecological risk assessment US-EPA/OPPT perspective and OECD interactions. In Zelikoff JT, Lynch J, Schepers J (eds) Ecotoxicology Responses, Biomarkers, and Risk Assessment. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development, Paris, pubhshed for the OECD by SOS Publications, Pair Haven, N.J., pp 89-108... 

Toxicological and Ecological Behaviour of Cerium Compounds i. 3. L L Toxicological Behaviour of Cerium Compounds... 

Geochemistry is ultimately the study of sources, movement, and fate of chemicals in the geosphere at various spatial and temporal scales. Environmental organic geochemistry focuses such studies on organic compounds of toxicological and ecological concern (e.g., Schwarzenbach et al.. 

Chapman, P.M. (2002) Integrating toxicology and ecology putting the eco into ecotoxicology. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 7-15. 

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