Coloring, permitted

Table 1. Certified Colors Permitted in the United States ...

Table 1 Hsts various colorants permitted for use ia foods.

It has become recognized during recent years that the color of dyes is associated with the resonance of electric charge from atom to atom of the dye molecule.2,3> 4 6 6 Because of the complexity of the problem, however, it has not been easy to expand this idea into a theory of color permitting the rough quantitative calculation of the frequencies and intensities of the absorption bands of dyes. I have now developed a theory of this nature the theory and some of the results of its application are described briefly in the following paragraphs. 

Since food colorants are used as food additives, they must also comply with legislative requirements. Food legislation in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) differs with regard to additives and labeling. Therefore, this section provides an overview of legislation in the EU (Section 7.1.6.1) and the US (Section 7.1.6.2) and discusses colorants permitted for use in food products according to the different requirements. 

Colors permitted generally quantum satis (E 101, E 140, E 160a, E 163) and colors with maximum inclusion levels for particular food categories (e.g., E 160d may not exceed 100 mg/1 in non-alcoholic flavored drinks)... 

The approved color additives appear on positive lists issued by the Food and Drug Administration in the US, the EU, and Japan, but the colorants permitted in each market vary considerably. US and EU regulatory organizations provide provisional and permanent lists of approved color additives. The permanently listed additives are considered safe for use in cosmetic and toiletry products by the regulatory bodies. Provisionally listed color additives are those on which some safety studies are still to be undertaken or their test results are under review. The Japanese regulations include only a permanent list of color additives. 

List of colors permitted only for certain uses... 

List of colors permitted in foodstuffs other than those mentioned in Lists... 

There is as yet no agreed international list of permitted food colours. Thus a food dye that is permitted in one country may be considered unacceptable in another. The synthetic food colorants permitted in the European Union are listed in Table 1.8 [60]. All were originally introduced as acid dyes for wool many years ago. Furthermore, more than thirty colorants of natural origin are permitted in most countries. The natural carotenoid dyes are of outstanding importance for colouring edible fats and oils. These yellow to red methine dye structures occur in many families of plants and animals, including vegetables, berries,... 

Table 1.8 Synthetic colorants permitted for use in food in the European Union (EU)...

The chaotic situation existing in the synthetic colorant industry was evident in the 80 colorants available in 1907 to the paint, plastic, textile, and food industries. Obviously very few of them had been tested for safety. Dr Bernard Hesse, a German dye expert employed by the US Department of Agriculture, was asked to study the situation and he concluded that, of the 80 colorants available, only 16 were more or less harmless and he recommended only seven for use in food. This led to the US Food and Dmg Act of 1906 which set up a certification procedure which ensured the identity of the colorant and the levels of impurities specifications for each food, dmg and cosmetic (FD C) color permitted for each colorant.4... 

Previously, several different colorants were used in foods. However, there has been a gradual erosion of synthetic colors from the permitted list of many countries (142). Today, the types of colorants permitted for use varies greatly among countries. In the United States, seven synthetic colors are permitted for general use in foods. The European Economic Community allows much more than that. Norway, however, prohibits the use of any synthetic dye in the manufacture of foods. Therefore, color additives can become trade barriers for foods. Since international trade is becoming increasingly important, there is need of a worldwide list of permitted color additives (128,136,150). 

In order to prevent indiscriminate use, regulations have been developed by many countries limiting the types, uses, and amounts of food colors permitted in foods (142,151). Since different countries allow the use of specific food colors, it is possible that foodstuffs may be imported into a country that forbids the coloring agent present in the product. Therefore, methods capable of identifying and quantifying several colors simultaneously are desired in order to verify compliance to regulations. Information on the levels of these compounds in foods is also important to assess where the dietary intake levels stand compared to the ADIs (131,152,153). 

Musk xylene (Excellent in soap when color permits)... 

FD C color. A series of colorants permitted in food products, marking inks, etc., certified by the FDA. Among the more important are the following Blue No. 1 disodium salt of 4-((4-(A-ethyl-p-sulfo-benzylamino)-phenyl)-(2-sulfoniumphenyl)-meth-ylene)-( 1 -(IV-ethyl-M-p-sulfobenzyl)-A2 5-cyclohex-... 

Paragraph (c) lists the substances that can be included in adhesives, including GRAS substances, prior-sanctioned substances, flavoring and color permitted for... 

The colorants permitted for use in drinks can be divided in two categories synthetic (azo or... 

Using solvents 1 and 2 (Table 134), Ruiz and Laroche [62] separate the food colorants permitted in Switzerland. Barret and Ryan [1] have used solvents 4 and 5 and others for separatiug the food colorants allowed in New South Wales, Australia. Jamieson [28] separates dyes used in lipsticks with the help of solvent 6. Cotsis and Garey [7] have shown that all dyes used for colouring lipstick could be separated by TLC on silica gel G, using solvents 8—10. Canuti and Luboz Magrassi [5] use solvent 7 for separating the food colorants authorised in Italy. 

When neutral or acid solutions of hydrazine salts are treated with an alcohol solution of -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (I), the resulting orange to yellow color permits the detection of small amounts of hydrazine. As little as 0.01 y hydrazine is revealed if the reaction employing the aldehyde solution described below is conducted on a spot plate. The color reaction involves a condensation of hydrazine with the aldehyde, quite analogous to the reaction employed in test i, but with the difference that the aldazine (II) formed in reaction (1) is soluble in acids, as shown in (2), with formation of the quinoidal cation (III) ... 

Table 14.1 lists various colorants permitted for use in foods. See Figs. 14.1 and 14.2 for structures. 

MHW—Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1966, Ordinance No. 30/1966 Ordinance to Regulate Coal-Tar Colors Permitted for Use in Drugs, Quasi-drugs and Cosmetics (as amended by Ordinance No. 55/1972 and Ordinance No. 126/2003). 

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