Nano-devices

Given the actual scenario, one can state that the emerging field of nanotechnology represents new effort to exploit new materials as well as new technologies in the development of efficient and low-cost solar cells. In fact, the technological capabilities to manipulate matter under controlled conditions in order to assemble complex supramolecular structures within the range of 100 nm could lead to innovative devices (nano-devices) based on unconventional photovoltaic materials, namely, conducting polymers, fuUerenes, biopolymers (photosensitive proteins), and related composites. 

Silicon Nano Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University, of Singapore, Singapore, email elevoowi nus.edu.sg... 

Hatakeyama H, Akita H, Harashima H (2011) A multifunctional envelope type nano device (MEND) for gene delivery to tumours based on the EPR effect a strategy for overcoming the PEG dilemma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63 152-160... 

In this paper, we will describe one of examples, where artificial archaeal glycolipids are applied to the construction of nano-devices containing energy-conversion membrane proteins, by employing the phytanyl-chained glycolipid we have recently developed, i.e., l,3-di-o-phytanyl-2-o- ((3-D-maltotriosyl) glycerol (Mab (Phyt)2, Fig. 1) [16,17] and natural proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin (BR) derived from purple membranes of the extremely halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarium S9 [18],... 

The use of block copolymers to form a variety of different nanosized periodic patterns continues to be an active area of research. Whether in bulk, thin film, or solution micelle states, block copolymers present seemingly unlimited opportunities for fabricating and patterning nanostructures. The wealth of microstructures and the tunability of structural dimensions make them a favorable choice for scientists in a variety of research fields. As reviewed here, they can function as nano devices themselves, or act as templates or scaffolds for the fabrication of functional nanopatterns composed of almost all types of materials. However, there are still two obvious areas which require more work control of the long-range 3D nanostructure via more user-friendly processes and the identification of new materials with different functional properties. 

Enormous progress has been achieved in the experimental realization of such nano-devices, we only mention the development of controllable single-molecule junctions [8]-[22] and scanning tunneling microscopy based techniques [23]— [44]. With their help, a plethora of interesting phenomena like rectification [18], negative differential conductance [9,35], Coulomb blockade [10,11,15,16,21, 23], Kondo effect [11,12], vibrational effects [10,13,14,16,21,25,31-33,35,36], and nanoscale memory effects [34,39,40,42,44], among others, have been demonstrated. 

It is believed that the environmental benefits of nanotechnology would be diverse and dramatic. Since nanotechnology involves atom-by-atom construction, it will be able to create substances without producing the harmful byproducts that most current manufacturing processes produce. Nano-devices will oper-... 

Furthermore, most products of nanotechnology will be made of simple and abundant elements. Carbon (as in diamond or diamondoid form) is seen as the basis of most nano-manufacturing. Products made of such materials will be very strong, meaning that smaller amounts of material can be used, and carbon is an abundant material, meaning that little in the way of exploration and extraction will be needed. As a greenhouse remediation measure, nano-devices could even extract carbon dioxide from the air if desired. 

Beyond these impacts, more advanced nanotechnology may allow active remediation of many environmental problems. For example, toxic wastes in contaminated aquifers may be neutralized by specially designed nano-robots (nanobots) that selectively capture undesirable molecules and then either sequester them for removal or break them down into harmless substances [114,118,119,124]. While nano-devices cannot, for example, render radioactive materials non-radioactive, they could capture molecules of radioactive waste and concentrate them into a form that would be easily removed [31-33]. 

Moriguchi, R., Kogure, K., Akita, H., Futaki, S., Miyagishi, M., Taira, K., and Harashima, H. (2005) A multifunctional envelope-type nano device for novel gene delivery of siRNA plasmids. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 301 277-285. 

National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan L. Y. JANG AND J. F. LEE... 

The authors are deeply grateful to Dr. Ming-Shih Tsai of the National Nano Device Laboratories in Hsinchu, Taiwan for his assistance in CMP experiments. This work is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under contract number NSC 88-2216-E-009-015. 

Baker et al. discussed the technical requirements of a smart nano-device therapeutic to diagnose and treat cancer and proposed two approaches. The first... 

In the research and application of nanostructures, the near-field optics is of a special significance light can both provide information on the properties of the sample surface and also may be used for its modification (lithography) or to transmit some data between nano-devices. 

Some nano-materials and nano-devices fabricated primarily for functional applications, such as nanopowder [26], nanowire [27], nanobelt [28], nanotube [29] as well as nanocoil [30],... 

Vol. 47 Physics and Modeling of Tera- and Nano-Devices eds. M. Ryzhii and V. Ryzhii... 

We recently proposed a novel non-viral gene delivery system multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) to realize Programmed Packaging [1-3]. The ideal MEND (see Fig. 8.1) consists of a condensed DNA core and a lipid envelope structure equipped with the various func-... 

Fig. 8.2 Transfection activities of multifunctional envelope-type nano devices (MENDs). NIH3T3 cells were transfected with different particles and MENDs containing a luciferase coding plasmid DNA. Luciferase activities were expressed as the relative light unit (RLU) per mg of protein.

National Nano Device Laboratories, Hinchu 300, Taiwan, R. O. C. 

This work was sponsored by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under grant NSC 88-CPC-E-009-015. Technical support from the Nationl Nano Device Laboratories is also acknowledged. 

---