Remedy, selection

During the detailed analysis, each alternative is assessed against the evaluation criteria. The results provide decision-makers with sufficient information to adequately compare the alternatives, select an appropriate remedy for a site, and demonstrate satisfaction of the CERCLA remedy selection requirements in the record of decision ... 

Bennett, P. D., Brumbach, B., Farmer, T. W., Funkhouser, P. L., and Hatheway, A. W., 1999, Remedy Selection for Cleanup of Uncontrolled Waste Sites Practical Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, January, pp. 23-34. 

It was decided that natural attenuation with long-term monitoring was appropriate for the site based on the low risk the affected soil presented. An explanation of significant differences (ESD) was prepared by the regulators to revise the remedy selected in the ROD. In the ESD, active remediation of the upper and lower smear zone was rejected by the regulators for several reasons ... 

EPA (1991a). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Role of Baseline Risk Assessment in Superfund Remedy Selection Decisions, OSWER Directive 9355.0-30 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Risk Assessment and Remedy Selection under the Proposed NCP... 

Thus, once risk is taken into account in the prioritization process, the EPA has considerable latitude in devising methods and criteria for remedy selection, with the major substantive requirement being cost effectiveness under Section 105(7). Nevertheless, in many cases the Mitre Model will not produce a risk assessment adequate for remedy selection, and a more detailed assessment will be necessary. 

There has been much difference of opinion regarding appropriate methods and criteria for remedy selection. Annex XIII of the May 8, 1981 staff draft of the NCP called for clean-up to the level of Federal and State water quality standards, Federal water quality criteria, Federal drinking water standards, and national ambient air quality standards regardless of whether there was any substantial exposure or risk from the release to be remedied. The cost effectiveness requirement was applied only by calling for cost effective methods of reaching the standards imposed. 

In principle, organic and conventional farmers face similar problems, and the general objective of research will always be to improve their respective farming systems. However, the remedies selected to address the problems encountered in these farming systems vary. Two separate aspects... 

DOD s prioritization methodology determines the sequence in which munition sites should be investigated and evaluated, not whether or what type of remedial action will be taken at any given site. For example, a site could have a high priority, but the remedy selected might be leave in place with long-term stewardship. The decision on whether... 

One of the CERCLA and RCRA remedy selection factors noted earlier is community acceptance. It is, however, only a modifying factor. Community members can influence and sometimes take actions that lead to the rejection of remedial alternatives that they oppose, but they do not have the authority to veto otherwise scientifically acceptable alternatives.10 There are also additional, more formal activities associated with federal facility restoration activities, such as funding of restoration site advisory boards composed of local citizens. 

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Rules of Thumb for Superfund Remedy Selection, EPA 540/R/97-013/OSWER 9355.0-69, August. Available online at [Pg.39]

Abstract. In the past, many remedies implemented at contaminated sites have failed to achieve site remedial action objectives either because not all of the objectives were defined prior to selecting the remedy, or a remedy was selected that was not capable of achieving the site objectives. In order to ensure the selection of effective remedies, this report outline a process for i) the identification of risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives and ii) the evaluation of potential technologies to identify an acceptable remedy that will achieve all of the site remedial action objectives. By providing for the separation of risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives, the remedy selection process allows the user to both i) identify a range of remedies that are capable of protecting human health and ecological resources and ii) understand the additional constraints imposed by the non-risk objectives. 

Keywords contaminated land risk assessment remedy selection 1. Introduction... 

To ensure that the selected remedy will achieve all of the remedial action objectives, a step-wise remedy selection process can be used as follows ... 

The first step in the remedy selection process is the identification of remedial action objectives that reflect the full range of current and future site management goals including ... 

An effective conceptual site model is essential for the identification of risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives. The conceptual model should identify source areas complete, potentially complete, and incomplete exposure pathways and receptors. In addition, the conceptual model should identify contaminants, affected environmental media, and specific areas within the affected environmental media to be addressed by the selected remedial action. Although a conceptual model should be developed prior to initiation of the risk-based remedy selection process, the conceptual model should be updated as needed during the remedy selection process to reflect any changes in the understanding of the site. ASTM (2003), Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites, provides guidance for the development of an effective conceptual model. 

Site Remediation Scope and Cost Projections. The selected remedial action must serve to address all primary and secondary risk drivers associated with the site. To characterize appropriate response actions and associated resource needs, site-specific measures (e.g., site investigation, remedy selection, implementation, etc.) must be defined to address all identified site risks. Based on this work scope, a life-cycle cash flow projection can be established for each site, addressing each phase of the site remediation effort through site closure. Periodic updates of the project... 

Remedy Selection Select a site management strategy based on nature and immediacy of anticipated impacts, current and future land use, and site-specific soil, groundwater, and surface water conditions. 

Remedy selection involves three principal steps i) development of an overall exposure control strategy (i.e., what to do), ii) selection of optimal remediation technologies to implement this strategy (i.e., how to do it), and iii) development of appropriate design and construction specifications. The general decision process for remedy selection is described in further detail below. 

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