Toxic effects mutagens

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

Considerable studies are required to establish the toxicological profile of the drug substance. These must assess its direct toxic effects, together with its potential as a reproductive toxin, mutagen, or carcinogen. 

Many 2-bromoamides were tested for toxicity or mutagenicity 2-bromo-N-benzyl-propanamide showed mutagenic effects, unrelated to its configuration (ref. 25). 

In summary, preliminary results from two animal models (rabbit and mouse) indicate that poly(N-palmitoylhydroxyproline ester) elicits a very mild, local tissue response that compares favorably with the responses observed for established biomaterials such as medical grade stainless steel or poly(lactic acid)/poly(glycolic acid) implants. At this point, additional assays need to be performed to evaluate possible allergic responses, as well as systemic toxic effects, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic activity, and adaptive responses. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances number is a unique and unchanging number used to cross-reference the RTECS database, which is a compendium of data extracted from the open scientific literature. Six types of toxicity data are included in each file (1) primary irritation, (2) mutagenic effects, (3) reproductive effects, (4) tumorigenic effects, (5) acute toxicity, and (6) other multiple dose toxicity. 

Episodic pollution events can adequately be addressed by acute toxicity bioassays, however these are not sufficient to investigate the water quality for delayed toxicity effects of chemicals present. Chronic effects of pesticides can include carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive effects (endocrine disruption). 

PCR based, 22 472 studies of, 27 309 by synthetic DNA, 22 518 as a toxic effect, 25 206 Mutagenic effects, of ethylene oxide,... 

The dangerous properties of acute toxicity, irritation, corrosivity, sensitisation, repeated-dose toxicity and CMR are evaluated in terms of their potential toxic effects to workers, consumers and man exposed indirectly via the environment, based on the use for each stage in the lifecycle of the substance from which exposure can occur. Risk assessment is also required if there are reasonable grounds for concern for potential hazardous properties, e.g., from positive in vitro mutagenicity tests or structural alerts. The risk assessment involves comparing the estimated occupational or consumer exposure levels with the exposure levels at which no adverse effects are anticipated. This may be a quantitative risk assessment, based on the ratio between the two values, or a qualitative evaluation. The principles of human health risk assessment are covered in detail by Illing (a.30) and more briefly in Chapter 7 of (73). 

Zeiger E, Pagano DA. 1984. Suppressive effects of chemicals in mixture on the Salmonella plate test response in the absence of apparent toxicity. Environ Mutagen 6(5) 683-694... 

In earlier chapters, we discussed the discovery of new drugs. After a lead compound has been identified, it is subjected to a development process to optimize its properties. The development process includes pharmacological studies of the lead compound and its effects on toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive development. These data are important for determining the safety and effectiveness of the lead compound as a potential drug. 

Biological effects measurements - chronic toxicity and mutagenicity tests ... 

Figure 4. Toxic and mutagenic response of diploid human lymphoblast line MIT-2 to aflatoxin B,. Open symbols afatoxin + phenobarbital-induced rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant (PMS) closed symbols effect of treatment with either aflatoxin or FMS alone.

LOPER, J. C. AND LANG, D. R. Mutagenic, Carcinogenic and Toxic Effects of Residual Organics in Drinking Water. Presented at the Symposium on Application of Short-term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures, Williamsburg, VA, Feb., 1978. 

TDLo/Toxic Dose Low—The lowest dose introduced by any route other than inhalation over any period of time that produces any toxic effect in humans or that produces carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, or neoplastic effects in humans and animals. 

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