Toxaphenes

Mode of Motion. The cyclodienes, like lindane and toxaphene, affect the nerve axon produciag hyperactivity, convulsions, prostration, and death. The biochemical lesion is the competitive inhibition of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter binding site of the nerve axon. Spray workers with lengthy exposure to dieldrin have suffered from prolonged and repeated central nervous system disturbances produciag epileptiform coavulsioas. Similar disturbances occurred ia workers heavily exposed to chlordecoae. 

Chlorinated Terpenes. A group of incompletely characterized insecticidal compounds has been produced by the chlorination of the naturally occurring terpenes. Toxaphene [8001-35-2] is prepared by the chlorination of the bicycHc terpene, camphene [79-92-5] to contain 67—69% chlorine and has the empirical formula C QH QClg. The technical product is a yellowish, semicrystalline gum (mp 65—90°C, d 1.64) and is a mixture of 175 polychloro... 

Much controversy has arisen regarding the ability of mixtures of weakly estrogenic compounds to act synergistically, notably the synergistic potential of mixtures of PCBs or of the insecticides dieldrin and toxaphene. " Recent studies suggest that the action of mixtures is at least additive. "... 

A number of other chemicals suspected of having endocrine disrupting potential also occur at high levels in the tissues of marine mammals. For example, tribiityltin compounds are present in the tissues of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias juhatus) from Hokaido, Japan, and in stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found along the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts.Additional chemicals detected include PAHs, toxaphene and chlordane. ... 

Chlorinated camphene (toxaphene) Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine... 

Toxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver, or thyroid problems increased risk of cancer Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle... 

Bromophenol blue (3.0...4.6) aliphatic carboxylic acids [225 — 228] malonic and lactic acids [229] palmitic and lactic acids [230] malonic, glycolic, malic, citric, tartaric, ketoglutaric, galacturonic and oxalic acids [196] dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid [231] indoleacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid [232] palmitic acid, palmityl- and stearyllactic acid [223] benzoic, sorbic and salicylic acid [234] metabolites of ascorbic acid [235] chloropropionic acid [236] oligogalacturonic acids [237] amino acids, hydrocarbons, mono-, di- and triglycerides [238] xylobiose, xylose, glucose and derivatives [239] sugar alcohols [91] toxaphene [240]... 

D. Hainzl, J. Burhenne and H. Pariar, HRGC-ECD and HRGC-NICI SIM quantification of toxaphene residues in selected marine organism by envir onmentally relevant chloroboT nanes as standard , Chemosphere 2S 237-243 (1994). 

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