Toxaphene transport

Jaquess AB, WinterlinW, Peterson D. 1989. Feasibility of toxaphene transport through sandy soil. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 42 417-423. 

Toxaphene partitions to the atmosphere, surface and groundwaters, soil and sediment particulates, and adipose tissue. As a result of its volatility and resistance to photolytic transformation, toxaphene has been transported over long distances in the atmosphere (USPHS 1994). Toxaphene residues have been detected in various environmental compartments hundreds of kilometers distant... 

Toxaphene is widely distributed, even when the initial application point is hundreds of kilometers distant transport is presumably by atmospheric and other vectors. 

Bidleman, T.F. and C.E. Olney. 1975. Long range transport of toxaphene insecticide in the atmosphere of the Western North Atlantic. Nature (London) 257(5526) 475-477. 

Cyclodiene pesticides, of which endrin and its oxidized analogs are representative, can also be estimated by receptor-assay technique. Cyclodiene pesticides exert their mode of action by altering central nervous system membrane ion transport. In work reported by Saleh et al. (1993), a labeled amino acid, GABA, that binds to the chloride channel receptor is displaced by endrin (and other similar molecules), and thus serves as an assay for these pesticides. The GABA receptor was shown to be a potentially useful biomarker for organochlorine pesticides such as lindane, toxaphene, endrin, chlordane, and others. The assay involves small quantities of blood (0.1 mL), and requires only that the plasma be separated from the... 

To determine if either side of the interface controls transport of toxaphene across the interface, we need to look at the ratio of transfer coefficients on either side. Mackay and Yuen (1983) suggest that Kq/Kl values of between 50 and 300 are reasonable. We will use Kg/Kj = 150. Then, the resistance to transfer is given as... 

Atmospheric transport of toxaphene from the southern USA continues [38, 45]. MacLeod et al. [19] attributed 70% of the atmospheric inputs to the Great Lakes to long-range atmospheric transport and deposition from the southern US and northern Mexico. The dynamic mass balance model [65] indicates that the net exchange direction of toxaphene in Lake Superior was... 

Volatilization followed by atmospheric transport is thought to be the major pathway of toxaphene dispersion from source areas [221]. The time until half of the toxaphene amount disappeared from cotton fields was <14 days [221]. Nevertheless, at present toxaphene is probably still more emitted by volatilization from old residues than by fresh application [222]. Equilibration of toxaphene with air and water was estimated to be >90% gas phase-controlled and an efficient wet deposition was expected [34]. Recently, several studies have been performed to distinguish between long atmospheric transport input and local toxaphene sources [129,156,223,224]. 

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