Toxaphene in air

Recent (post-deregistration) measurements of toxaphene in air over the Great Lakes and surrounding regions are summarized in Table 4. Some of... 

The net direction of gas exchange is estimated from measured concentrations of dissolved toxaphene in water and gaseous toxaphene in air (Cw and Ca, molm-3). Expressed in fugacity terminology [46] ... 

Seiber, N.J., S.C. Madden, M.M. McChesney, and W.L. Winterlin. 1979. Toxaphene dissipation from treated cotton field environments component residual behavior on leaves, and in air, soil and sediments determined by capillary gas chromatography. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 27 284-290. 

Toxaphene in Great Lakes Air, Precipitation and Surface Water. 218... 

Table 3 Toxaphene levels in air of North America before deregistration, pgm 3 ...

Of the 5.34 x 1051 of toxaphene that were used in North America (includes the United States and Mexico), 1.541 (3%) was estimated to remain in active circulation as of the year 2000, 6.5 x 1041 (12%) had been removed from the continental environment by advection of air and water and burial in soils and sediments, and 4.54 x 1051 (85%) had been removed by degradation reactions. Most of the toxaphene in active circulation resides in the soils of the southern U.S. and Mexico (83%). The efficiency of toxaphene transfer to the Great Lakes from its usage within the basin was estimated to be 78 to 220 times greater than transfer from the southern United States. However, load-... 

In studies of toxaphene in Lakes Superior [46] and Ontario [51,67], two persistent congeners, B8-1413 and B9-1979, were determined in air and six other congeners in water. B8-1413 and B9-1979 were of particular interest because they were among the most prominent chlorobornanes in Great Lakes fish [74,81,82], It should be noted that although peaks matching the retention... 

B8-1413 and B9-1679 were significantly (p < 0.001 to < 0.05) enriched in all air samples collected over the lakes compared to technical toxaphene. Alabama air sampled in 1996-1997 also showed significant (p < 0.05) enrichment of these two congeners (as percentages of total toxaphene, B8-1413 = 1.9 2.0% and B9-1679 = 3.3 3.4%) [15], although the enrichment was less than for Great Lakes air. Vetter and Scherer [40] showed that these two... 

Fig. 6 GC-MS chromatograms of a technical toxaphene and air and water extracts from Lake Superior collected in 1997 [46], Tentative identifies of Peaks 1-10 are given in Figure 2...

Gas exchange studies of total toxaphene in Lakes Superior, Michigan and Ontario were conducted between 1996-2000 [46,50,67] using concurrently measured water and air concentrations. The air and water data from these studies are discussed in Sects. 2.2, 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, and are summarized in Tables 3, 5, and 6. An earlier mass budget for toxaphene [65] estimated gas exchange from measured water concentrations and historical air data from Hoff et al. [64], All studies based their fugacity and flux calculations on the temperature-dependent Henry s law constant for technical toxaphene [15]. 

Jantunen and Bidleman [46] estimated monthly and annual fugacity ratios and fluxes of toxaphene in Lake Superior. Their calculations used monthly average air concentrations of toxaphene over the lake, estimated from their parameters of Eq. 1 (Sect. 2.2). The concentration of toxaphene in surface water was assumed constant over the year, since measurements in August 1996 and May 1997 were not statistically different. However, we now know... 

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