Toxaphene reviews

Ritter L, Solomon KR (1995) A review of the persistent organic pollutants DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans. In T.I.P.o.C.S. (IPCS) (ed) Geneve, Suisse... 

Eisler, R. and J. Jacknow. 1985. Toxaphene Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates A Synoptic Review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 85(1.4). 26 pp. 

Exposure Frequency/Duration The duration of the study and the weekly and daily exposure regimen are provided in this column. This permits comparison of NOAELs and LOAELs from different studies. In this case (key number 18), rats were exposed to toxaphene via inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 3 weeks. For a more complete review of the dosing regimen refer to the appropriate sections of the text or the original reference paper, i.e., Nitschke et al. 1981. 

Trace levels of toxaphene and mirex are detected in the air with no clear differences among the sampling sites, although both had never been registered as agrochemicals in Japan. HCHs, now being evaluated as candidates of the additional POPs by POPs review committee under Stockholm Convention, are also in comparable levels to PCB and chlor-danes in Japan as shown in Fig. 1.5. 

Eisler, R., Jacknow, J., 1985. Toxaphene hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates A synoptic review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, MD. 

Saleh MA (1991) Toxaphene Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Fate. In Ware GW (ed) Reviews Environ Contam Toxicol, vol 118. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1 -85... 

The following subsections are not a review about toxaphene levels reported so far in different matrices. They are intended as a help for scientists to select the important toxaphene congeners which should be detected depending on the sample type. 

The last comprehensive review on toxaphene was published in 1991 by Saleh [3], Although it was written before the introduction of toxaphene standards, most of the data and conclusions are still valid. Earlier helpful reviews are those of Pollock and Kilgore [5], Korte et al. [20], WHO [25], Parlar [70], as well as the more recent ones of Muir and de Boer [255] and de Geus et al. [256]. Toxicological profiles of toxaphene were summarized by Roper [21] and in a recent update [10]. The enantioselective analysis of organochlorines and toxaphene was evaluated by Vetter and Schurig [257] and Huhnerfuss [235], About 70 reports from the US EPA and several patents deal also with toxaphene. 

In a review of compounds identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke, Philip Morris, Inc. in 1963 (2939) listed seven halogenated compounds Cl, bromomethane, chlo-romethane, chloroethane, bromoethane, Endrin , and TDE. Stedman (3797) in 1968 listed 950 identified compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke, of these only seventeen compounds were halogen-containing. Cl, F, and I were identified in tobacco, along with tobacco residues of methylene bromide, l,l,l-trichloro-2-(4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl)ethane (DDT), Dieldrin , Dyrene , Endrin , TDE, Telodrin , Thiodan , Toxaphene , Trichlorfon , and Diclone . o-Chloroaniline,... 

Ritter L, Solomon KR, Forget J, Stemeroff M, O Leary C (1995) A review of selected persistent organic pollutants (DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Hexachloroben-zene, M, Toxaphene, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans). In International programme on chemical saftey (ICPS), p 39... 

Toxaphene has been described as a ubiquitous contaminant in various environmental compartments and has a widespread distribution around the world [52-54], even in very remote areas, such as the polar regions, due to aerial transport [55]. Extensive reviews on the chemistry, biochemistry, toxicity, analysis, and environmental fate of toxaphene have been published [32,38,52]. Toxaphene, similar to other pollutants such as DDT, PCBs, and other organochlorine compounds, was found in air [54 56], freshwater [57,58], food [59], soil and sediment [60,61], human milk [53], and even marine biota [41,62-66]. 

M. A. Saleh, in G.W. Ware. ed.. Toxaphene Chemistry, Biochemistry, Toxicity and Environmental Fate, in Reviews of Environmental Contcunination and Toxicology, vol. 118 (1991) 1-85. 

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